Social Science CLimate Section 4

When did scientists not have the appropriate questions or tools to measure climate change?

Before the 1950s

Climate scientists are cautious about linking what to climate?

Individual weather events

What century did Eunice Newton Foote live in?

19th century

How are fields dynamic?

They adapt to fit new discoveries and new questions

What do scientists work in, and what are they influenced by?

They work in communities and they are influenced by culture

When was the UN created and what was its main thing?

In 1946 after WW2, international cooperation without the use of force

when was NASA founded?

1958

What was the "council for Science" before 1950

THe ICSU (International Council for Science, formerly International Council for Scientific Unions)

Who first proposed to the ICSU that they should measure geophysical activities over a set period of time?

Physicist and engineer Lloyd Berkner in 1952

What year did the ICSU measure?

the IGY (International Geophysical Year) from July 1957 to Dec 1958, a high in the eleven year cycle of a sunspot

What is the IGY foundational for?

NASA

When did Keeling present his curve?

1961

Where does Keeling work?

Mauna Loa, Hawaii

When did who first alert to the dangers of CO2 (that is not Newton Foote)

Swedish meteorologist Bert Bolin in 1959

Went to DC to alert the National Academy of Sciences

When the new subject of climate became a science, who consolidated researchers into fields?

Bert Bolin

What 2 things were Bert Bolin a chair of ?

1. 1964, chair of ICSU's new committee on atmospheric sciences

2. 1988-1998, first chair of IPCC (founded with Crutzen)

What programs did ICSU found after IGY?

1. 1967 founded GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) with WMO

2. 1978 conference in Austria (International Workshop on Climate Issues)

- hosted by WMO, ICSU, and UNEP

- showed need for a program better than GARP

- in 1979, WCRP was created

How did the IGBP come into existence? (International Geosphere Biosphere Program)

In the 1980s, Bolin and scientists wanted a program that studied climate more broadly, so they created the IGBP in 1987

By when were scientists confident of climate change and sought to raise awareness?

By the 1980s

What 3 public warnings of climate change were mentioned ( no details except who hosted)

1985 Assessment of the Role of CO2 in Villach, Austria

- by ICSU, WMO and UNEP

1988 The Changing Atmosphere in Toronto, Canada

- WMO

1988 James Hensen testified in Senate

Describe the Assessment of the Role of CO2

A conference in Villach, Austria in 1985

Hosted by UNEP, WMO and ICSU

In there, a committee of ICSU (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment) made a report (The Greenhouse Effect) that warned against Co2 and recommended policy action

Led to AGGG(Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases)

Describe The Changing Atmosphere

A conference in Toronto, Canada 1988

The claim was made the climate change should be taken seriously by policymakers through the globe.

What did James Hensen testify?

That the warming temperatures were due to humans GHGs, not natural fluctuations

What is the most authoritative source about climate change today?

IPCC

What did Bolin safeguard the IPCC against?

Scientific criticism: created it as a separate body from teh WCRP and IGBP and instead evaluated works from there.

Who wrote the 2010 book on 1990s climate skepticism and skepticism of the effects of tobacco smoke?

Science historians Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway

When did Nierenberg retire and join the Board of Directors of Marshall Institute?

1984

Where did Nierenberg retire from?

Director of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography

What is the Marhsall Institute?

A think tank in DC

What is the agenda of Marshall Institute?

1. To protect certain Cold War policies such as the SDI

2. After fall of Berlin Walli in 1989, climate skepticism

Who did the Marshall Institute stop from taking climate action and how?

Bush in 1989 by showing him an unpublished paper that says temperature is due to solar radiation and not emissions. The paper was disapproved by the IPCC

Who was Reagan's VP?

Bush

What newspaper journal did Marshall manipulate to make teh narrative what?

The Wall Street Journal, makes it seem like scientists are having a disagreement

What presidents did Marshall have close ties with?

Reagan and Bush

When was the Kyoto Protocol?

1997

Senate vote and resolution to the Kyoto Portocol

95-0 in July 25, 1997

Because they think

1. developing countries should also commit, and first

2. Bad for the economy

Was the Kyoto Protocol signed?

Yes, by Clinton, but without the ratification of the Senate and therefore wasn't binding, just a gesture of support

Between Gore and Bush, who was more climate-concerned?

Gore

What did Bush (Jr) do after he was elected?

Expanded the oil industry and production

Exxon Mobile

Participated in scientific investigations in the 70s and 80s, but when regulation became a possibility, they instead funded climate skepticism and against regulation

What year was great for the oil industry and why?

2022, because of the war with Ukraine, 6 companies earned 219 billion, 110 billion in dividends and shares

Who started the idea of the carbon footprint?

British Petroleum

Chamber of Commerce?

A lobbying group for businessmen

In 2019, acknowledged human contribution to climate change

In 2022 vote, 25 out of 39 voted against regulation

Which party is more climate centered?

Democratic

Polls

Pew Research center poll found young and old Republicans hold different views

2023 poll to choose between economy and climate shows 80% and 72% in their respective places

Another poll showed the Democrats are more likely to believe where they live has been affected by climate and that 93% of Democrats and 55% of Republicans believe that human activity caused climate change

What is the nationalist coalition that opposes climate action?

Trump, Putin and Bolsonaro (who caused rapid deforestation)

In 2022, British broadcasts had how much for climate skepticism?

1/3

What news is party-centered?

Fox news

In 2023, Laura Ingraham gave airtime to supporters of oil industry who denied the science on the dangers of smoke while wildfires were rampant in Canada.

How was the UNFCCC founded?

In 1992 at a UN Conference on Environment in Rio, Brazil

An organization for science and government cooperation

Catalyst for the Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Protocol

1997, put into effect 2005: 2008-12 5% reduction

37 nations participated

Had provisions for nations that didn't reach their target

Monitors:

- registry systems

- emission inventories

- compliance system

What guidelines did the Paris Agreement follow?

IPCC

Paris Agreement

196 parties

Limiting temp rise to below 2C from preindustrial. 1.5 by the end of the century more recently

Wanted CO2 peak by 2025 and 43% reduction by 2030

not going well heh

When was the Green New Deal proposed and how proposed it.

Trump

Proposed by NY Congresswoman Alexandria Cortez and Massachusetts Senator Ed Markey

What Act had climate action?

Biden's IRA (Inflation Reduction Act) in August 16, 2022 that provisioned 369 billion dollars for funding energy, transportation, and agricultural advances.

What are the 2 proposed geoengineering solutions?

1. Carbon sequestration/capture

2. Solar radiation

How much of global energy does wind and solar make?

12% in 2022

What does climate skeptics critique about renewable enegy?

Coal used to power electric vehicles

Mining batteries

Risks of wind turbines for animals.

Where is carbon capture being funded by teh IRA and why does climate activism want to stp it?

In Louisiana because of uncertainty about whether it would pollute local ecosystems

What philosopher argues what about the Green New Deal?

Olufemi Taiwo argues that it might lead to climate colonialism and to remember historical legacies

Climate solutions could come more easily if the primary focus was

justice and equality (whata(

Justice40 initiative

40% goes to underserved communities

What does Justice40 include?

1. climate change

2. energy

3. clean transit

4. affordable housing

5. workforce development

6. pollution

7. water

Who preaches to Evangelical Christians? What does she also do?

Katherine Hayhoe

She also contributes to IPCC reports.

TED Talk w/ 4 million views saying the simplest way to fight climate change is to talk about it.

When and where was the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe?

2016-17, North Dakota

What did the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe stop?

Dakota Access Line, part of the Keystone Pipelines System to transport oil from Alberta, Canada, to Gulf of Mexico, Texas

Why did the Standing Rock Sioux tribe protest the Dakota Access pipeline?

Because it crossed the Missouri River, an important drinking water source for the tribe.

It damaged ecological, environment, and religious sites during construction and oil leaks.

What did law enforcement of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe say?

That they were trespassing and vandalizing private property

That the public roadways were not valid places for civil disobedience

What is the conclusion of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe conflict?

Trump ordered construction to continue, hundreds of arrests

What protest was going on in Brazil?

Alessandra Muduruku of Munduruku Indigenous group of Sawre Muybu protested against the advances of British Anglo American's mining operations

When did Munduruku protest against Anglo American?

During the reign of Bolsonaro

How many applications did British Anglo American have to mine?

27 application

When did British Anglo American formally sent their withdrawal to the Brazilian govenrment?

May 2021

How much land did Alessandro save?

400 K acres.

How many participants in how many cities does Fridays for Future have?

14 mil in 7500 cities

When did Fridays for Future start and how?

2018, when Greta Thunberg (15) protested teh Swedish Parliament for inaction

Who did Greta Thunberg speak in front of?

UN and EU and in Vienna in 2019

2 other proponents of Fridays for Future

1. Luisa Neubauer (German)

preached a sermon in Berlin Cathedral that Jesus admonishes that one should not store up treasures on Earth

2. Vanessa Nakate

combines local action in Uganda with an internationa message that Africans suffer from and are looking for solutions to climate change.

What is the IPCC's focus?

Coordinating scientists and international policymakers

When was Sputnik sent out?

1957

When was the ICSU founded

1931

When was the WMO founded?

1950 (an agency of UN)

What day did the Kyoto Protocol start to take effect?

Feb 16, 2005

What article was published how many days before Gore v Bush

4 days before, on Nov 3, 2000, in which it says the primary difference is their stance on the Kyoto Protocol

younger republicans age

18-29

What "propelled the reorganization of scientific communities?"

Space exploration

Charles Keeling's measurement of carbon dioxide was a part of

IGY

What research did WCRP do in the 1980s?

They showed how interactions between the oceans and the atmosphere created weather.

IGBP studied climate through a _____ framework?

ESS

What 3 groups of people promoted climate skepticism?

1. Government and politicians

2. Industry

3. Media

What did the Chamber of Commerce do in 2019?

They acknowledge human effect on climate

Started a task force for investigating the effects of climate on business.

How long was Greta Thunberg's school strike in 2018?

weeks