Non-maternal care

variables in the NICHD study of Early Childcare

child care quantity \= number of hours/month
child care quality \= primary care arrangements (\>10h)
parenting quality \= incl. sensitivity

outcome measures of the NICHD study of Early Childcare

- cognitive (memory, language, academic skills)
- social (competence, behavior problems)

results of the NICHD study of Early Childcare

- no directing effect of non-parental care on children's attachment security (quality, quantity, type)
- interaction effects of maternal security with: poor quality child care, expensive hours in child care, \>1 child care arrangement

effects on attachment representation in adolescence

* small positive association between quality and secure attachment states of mind at 18
* even after controlling for covariates and parental sensitivity
* no sign. interactions among childcare variables found

→ substantial amounts of center-care hours increases risks of 'real' aggression

Caregiver Interaction Profile (NCKO)

1. sensitive responsiveness
2. respect for autonomy vs insensitiveness
3. structure and limit setting
4. verbal communication
5. stimulation of development
6. fostering positive peer interactions
(scored from 1-7)

LKK: quality of center care in NL

research findings on non-parental care

- children with high negative affectivity are affected by non-parental care
- evidence that children living in poverty benefit more than others from high quality ECE settings

Adapting to non-parental care

Compared with insecure infants, secure infants have...

\
...lower cortisol levels during the adaptation phase

...higher fuss and cry levels during the adaptation phase