The formula for the electron capacity of a shell is 2n^2, where n is the principal quantum number (energy level).
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K Shell Capacity
The K shell (n=1) can hold up to 2 electrons.
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L Shell Capacity
The L shell (n=2) can hold up to 8 electrons.
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M Shell Capacity
The M shell (n=3) can hold up to 18 electrons.
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N Shell Capacity
The N shell (n=4) can hold up to 32 electrons.
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O Shell Capacity
The O shell (n=5) can hold up to 50 electrons.
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P Shell Capacity
The P shell (n=6) can hold up to 72 electrons.
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Chemical Stability
An atom is more chemically stable when it has a full outer shell.
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Inert Elements
Elements with complete outer shells are chemically inactive (inert), such as helium (He) and neon (Ne).
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Chemically Active Atoms
Atoms with incomplete outer shells (e.g., hydrogen, carbon, oxygen) are chemically active and tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
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Bond Formation
The forces driving electron behavior (to achieve full outer shells) lead to bond formation between atoms.
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Molecule
A molecule forms when atoms are joined together by chemical bonds; it is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of that compound.
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Covalent Bond
A type of chemical bond where atoms share electrons (e.g