biological molecules

includes monomers and polymers and carbohydrates

what are monomers?

single repeating units from which larger molecules are made

what are polymers?

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

what are dimers?

molecules made from two monomers joined together

give 3 examples of monomers

monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides

what is a condensation reaction?

a reaction that joins monomers together by forming a covalent bond and produces a water molecule

what is a covalent bond?

a type of chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

a reaction which uses a water molecule to break the covalent bond between two monomers

what are the three monosaccharides you need to know?

glucose, fructose and galactose

what are the three disaccharides you need to know?

maltose, sucrose and lactose

what are the three polysaccharides you need to know?

glycogen (animals only), cellulose and starch (both plants only)

what type of covalent bond joins monosaccharides together?

glycosidic bond

what is a monosaccharide?

a single sugar from which larger carbohydrates are made

what is a disaccharide?

a carbohydrate made up of two sugar units formed by a condensation reaction and joined by a glycosidic bond

what is a polysaccharide?

a carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides formed by a condensation reaction with a glycosidic bond

give 3 examples of hexose sugars

glucose, galactose and fructose

give 2 examples of pentose sugars

ribose and deoxyribose

what is an isomer?

two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule, therefore giving them different properties

what is the defining feature of alpha glucose?

the OH group is below the H group on carbon 1

what is the defining feature of beta glucose?

the OH group is above the H group on carbon 1

what is the bond between monosaccharides called?

a 1-4 glycosidic bond

which are the reducing sugars?

all monosaccharides, maltose, and lactose

which sugars are non-reducing?

sucrose