final human bio

Matter

everything that takes up space and has mass

atom

units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemicals

Proton

located in the nucleus has 1 positive unit and 1 atomic mass unit

Neutron

Located in the nucleus, no charge, 1 atomic mass unit

Electron

outside the nucleus has1 negative unit and the mass is negligible

isotope

element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

compound

two or more elements may combine to form this

Acid

a substance that donates protons (H+ ions) to a solution, increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, has a ph below 7

Base

a substance that accepts protons (H+) or realizes hydroxide ions (OH-), decreases the hydrogen ion concentration, Ph is above 7

Buffer

a substance that resist change in ph when small amounts of acid or base are added works by binding or realizing H+ ions keep PH relatively constant

lysosome

contains a bout 40 digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules, old organelles and invaders

Mitochondria

sites of cellular respiration, providing cells with energy through the breakdown of glucose to produces atp

nucleus

contains almost all of the genetic information of the cell, DNA

ribosome

an extensive network of channels connected to the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope and certain organelles

rough endoplasmic reticulum

contains ribosomes that guide the production of cell products

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

lack ribosomes, included in the production of phospholipids and detoxification

Golgi complex apparatus

a series of inter connected, flattened membranous sacs, protein are packaged in vesicles and transferred to the golgi

Chromosome

a thread like structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information. Humans have 46 in most cells

Gene

A segment of DNA that contains instruction for making a specific protein or trait

Somatic cells

body cells, like skin or muscle cells, that contain a full set of chromosomes

Gametes

sex cells, sperm and egg, that contains had the number of chromosomes

Diploid

a cell that has two sets of chromosomes(2n), one from each parent. Humans:46 chromosomes

Haploid

A cell with only one set of chromosomes (n), found in gametes. Humans : 23 chromosomes

Autosomes

The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. they carry most of the body’s traits

sex-chromosomes

the pair of chromosomes that determines biological sex, X and Y, Females: XX, Males:XY

cytokinesis

the finals step of cell division, where the cytoplasm splits, forming two separate cells

karyotype

A chart showing all the chromosomes of a cell arranged in pairs, used to detect abnormalities

Synapsis

The paring of monologues chromosomes, during meiosis I, allowing crossing over to happen

Crossing over

the excuses of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis increases genetic diversity

Trisomy

the presence of thee copies of a specific chromosome

Monosomy

the absence of one chromosome from a pair resulting in only a single copy

traits

a specific characteristic of an organism like height

alleles

one or two more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and one found ar the same place on a chromosome

Phenotype

the set of observant characteristic of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

genotype

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

carrier

an individual who carries and is capable of passing a gene mutation associated with a disease but diseases show symptoms

co-domianace

A form of inheritance in which two different alleles form a gene with expressed and both phenotypes are visible

pleiotropy

the production by a single gene of two or more apparently unrelated effects

into,plete domoinance

a form of inherence in which one allele doesn’t completely dominate another allele and the rustling phenotype is a blend of both allele

polygenetic inheritance

a form of inherence in which a single trait is controlled by two or more genes

multiple alleles

a form of inherence in which there are three or more alleles for a particular gene

translation

the process in which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA

transcription

the process by which. the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA

condo

A sequence of 3 nucleotides that together from a a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

mRNA

A single strand RNA molecule that is complementary to one at the DNA strand of a gene. it

tRNA

a small RNA molecule that play an important role in protein synthesis. it serves as a link between the messenger RNA and rheumatoid arthritis amino acid sequence of proteins

DNA polymerase

crucial enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides

RNA polymerase

an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. IN cellist is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates as a process called transcription