Pelvic Viscera

what organs are included in the pelvic viscera

distal ureters, bladder, urethra, reproductive organs, rectum, and anal canal

where do the ureters enter the bladder

posterolateral wall of bladder

what allows for the transportation of urine from the kidneys to the bladder

peristaltic contractions (parasympathetic control)

trigone of bladder

smooth triangular region inside the bladder between openings of ureters and urethra

detrusor muscle

smooth muscle that forms the internal sphincter at the opening of the urethra

parts of the male urethra

preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy

what part of the male urethra is surrounded by the external spinchter

membranous urethra

where is the urethral opening in women

anterior to the vaginal opening

components of the male reproductive tract

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands

testes

site of spermatogenesis, made up of tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis

tunica albuginea

tough outer covering of testes

tunica vaginalis

double layered peritoneal sac surrounding the testes

what site in the testes does spermatogenesis occur

seminiferous tubules

epididymis

storage and maturation site for sperm, transports sperm to vas deferens

vas deferens

carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

where does vas deferens join the seminal vesicle

base of the bladder

seminal vesicle

secrete fluids that nourishes spern

which two strucutres come together to form the ejaculatory duct

vas deferens and seminal vesicle

prostate gland

secrete fluid that helps neutralize the acidic environment of the urethra, contains the ejaculatory duct

bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)

contributes to lubrication of the urethra during sexual arousal, located just below the prostate gland

how is a prostate exam performed

feel inside rectum for enlargements and tumors in the prostate

components of the female reproductive tract

ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina

ligament of the ovary

anchors inferior pole of the ovary to the lateral wall of the uterus

ovary

sites of egg production and estrogen/progesterone production

major parts of the uterine tubes (fallopian tube) - in order from ovary to uterus

fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

uterus

site of implantation for fertilized egg and fetal development

parts of the uterus

body and cervix

what lines the body of the uterus

endometrium

gravid

a women that is currently pregnant

nongravid

a women that is not currently pregnant

nulliparous

a women that has never been pregnant

primiparous

a women that has only been pregnant once

multiparous

a women that has been pregnant more than once

ligaments of the uterus

round ligament, cardinal ligament, uterosacral ligament

which ligament is a remnant of embryonic development

round ligament of the uterus

cardinal ligament

supplies the primary passive support of keeping the uterus in position

uterine prolapse

descent or herniation of the uterus into or beyond the vagina, caused by weakening of structures supporting the pelvic floor

functions of the vagina

copulatory organ (received sperm) during intercourse, excretory duct of menstrual flow, birth canal

broad ligament

covers the reproductive organs and structures in females

parts of the broad ligament

mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium, suspensory ligament

mesovarium

surrounds the ovaries and ligament of the ovaries

mesosalpinx

surrounds uterine tubes

mesometrium

surrounds uterus and is below the mesovarium

suspensory ligament

covers ovarian artery and vein

branches of the posterior internal iliac artery

superior gluteal, iliolumbar, lateral sacral, inferior gluteal (can also be anterior division)

branches of anterior division of internal iliac artery in males

umbilical, obturator, inferior vesicle, middle rectal, internal pudendal

branches of anterior division of internal iliac artery in women

umbilical, obturator, uterine, superior vesicle, middle rectal, internal pudendal

where does the right gonadal vein drain

inferior vena cava

where does the left gonadal vein drain

left renal vein

what is the “hub” for autonomic innervation in the pelvis

inferior hypogastric plexus

where is the inferior hypogastric plexus located

medial to internal iliac arteries

nerves used in the inferior hypogastric plexus

sympathetic: lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves from T12-L2

parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves from S2-S4

there are no ganglion and no synpasing

location of superior hypogastric plexus

at the bifurcation of aorta

nerves used in the superior hypogastric plexus

lumbar splanchnic and sacral splanchnic

where do lumbar splanhnic nerves enter the superior hypogastric plexus

through right and left hypogastric nerves

where do sacral splanhnic nerves enter the superior hypogastric plexus

hypogastric plexus directly

what nerve innervates the external urethral and external rectal sphincters

pudendal nerve

“point” and “shoot” - male reproductive autonomic innervation

parasympathetic = relaxes vascular smooth muscle (vasodilation and erection) → arousal

symphathetic = contraction of smooth muscles lining vas deferens and urethra (ejaculation)