Art Section V: Self-Portrait (Tamara in a Green Bugatti)
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What experience became more common in the early 20th century?
Riding in a car
What did artists tend to use to represent the experience of riding in a car?
Dynamic and abstract forms
What painting may be the earliest image of a flashy car driving through a city?
Gray and Brass (1907) by John Sloan
What elements does Tamara in a Green Bugatti include?
Technology, gender, and mass media
How is Tamara de Lempicka represented in her self-portrait?
As a powerful modern woman
What information about de Lempicka is uncertain?
Her birth name, place of birth, and her birth year
Why are so many of de Lempicka's personal details uncertain?
De Lempicka herself obscured information about her origins
What kind of family was de Lempicka born into?
A wealthy Polish family
Where and when was de Lempicka likely born?
Moscow in 1894
Where did de Lempicka claim to be born?
Warsaw and St. Petersburg
When did de Lempicka claim to be born?
1898-1905
What was the religious background of de Lempicka's family?
They were Catholics who had converted from Judaism
What surnames were de Lempicka's family known by?
Gurska and Hurwitz
Who did de Lempicka marry in 1916?
Count Tadeusz de Lempicki
What was de Lempicki's profession?
Lawyer
What did de Lempicka do in St. Petersburg?
Started artistic studies
What happened to Tadeusz during the Russian Revolution?
He was imprisoned as a suspected tsarist spy
What did de Lempicka do during the Russian Revolution?
Flee to Paris with her daughter Kizette
When were Tamara and Tadeusz reunited?
After Tadeusz was released
Who did de Lempicka study under in Paris?
André Lhote
Where was de Lempicka's first major exhibition?
Bottega di Poesia gallery in Milan
When was de Lempicka's first major exhibiton?
1925
Who was de Lempicka introduced to at the exhibition?
Wealthy patrons and collectors
When did Tamara and Tadeusz divorce?
1928
Who was de Lempicka's second husband?
Baron Raoul Kuffner
When did de Lempicka marry Kuffner?
1933
Why did de Lempicka's portrait commissions dry up in the mid-1930s?
The global economic crisis and darkening political mood in Europe
What condition did de Lempicka receive treatment for?
Clinical depression
When did de Lempicka and Kuffner immigrate to the US?
1939
When was the peak of notoriety for de Lempicka's art?
1920s
What did de Lempicka's 1920s art capture?
The zeitgeist of interwar life
Where did de Lempicka retire to?
Cuernavaca, Mexico
When did de Lempicka retire?
1978
When did de Lempicka die?
1980
How was de Lempicka's art different from Delaunay's?
Her art was more commercially successful
What two art styles did de Lempicka combine?
Cubism and Art Deco
When was the Art Deco movement?
1924-1930
What did Art Deco focus on?
Brilliant colors, angular shapes, expensive materials, and motifs related to modern life
What does de Lempicka's self-portrait show?
De Lempicka driving a luxury car wearing leather gloves and a helmet
What does the painting's tight cropping focus on?
The cool-headedness, power, and control in de Lempicka's body language and facial expression
What frames de Lempicka's face?
The intersection of the hood with the driver's side door
What luxury brand gave de Lempicka a silk scarf?
Hérmes
What does the frame created by the windshield focus on?
De Lempicka's elongated hand gripping the steering wheel
What qualities does de Lempicka's sidelong gaze have?
Nonchalance, glamour, and confidence
How does de Lempicka depict herself?
As a woman absolutely in control of her speeding car
What does the painting propose?
Woman possess the focus and surehandedness to power a car
How common were cars at the time of the painting's creation?
They were inesacapable
Where and when were internal-combustion-engine-powered vehicles first developed?
Germany in 1885
How long were internal-combustion-engine-powered vehicles a luxury?
15 to 20 years
How common were cars in France by 1927?
There was 1 car per 44 people
What country dominated European car production in the interwar period?
France
What company was known for their racing cars?
Bugatti
Where was Bugatti based?
Alsace
What did Ettore Bugatti say about the quality of the brakes in his cars?
I make cars to go, not to stop
What car model does the Bugatti in de Lempicka's self-portrait resemble?
Type 43 Roadster
How were cars depicted in art in the interwar period?
They were either shown in relation to their human operators or abstraction was used to show their speed
How were cars generally presented?
As masculine
What does Fernand Leger's The Mechanic (1920) show?
A man in a sleeveless shirt smoking a cigarette
What does the man's tattoo suggest?
He is a working-class person
What early artworks used radical abstraction to replicate the feeling of a fast car?
Speeding Automobile (1912) by Giacomo Balla and Dynamism of an Automobile by Luigi Russolo
What were the Futurists inspired by?
"Masculine" experiences
What did the Futurists glorify?
Speed and technology
What did Futurist works look like?
Fragmented and dynamic
How does de Lempicka's self-portrait go against hypermasculine representations?
It shows automotive technology as accessible to and enjoyable for modern women
What is another reason Tamara in a Green Bugatti is different from other automotive images of the period?
It was made to be reproduced
Who approached de Lempicka in 1927?
The editory of Die Dame
What was de Lempicka commissioned to do for Die Dame?
Design several covers
What other artist worked for Die Dame?
Hannah Höch
What was the target audience of Die Dame?
The modern career woman
During what period was Die Dame published?
1912-1943
What was Die Dame's circulation?
60,000 copies per issue
Which of de Lempicka's paintings were used as covers for Die Dame?
The Orange Scarf (1927), High Summer (1928), St. Moritz (1929), and Self-Portrait (Tamara in a Green Bugatti)
What did de Lempicka's covers help spread?
The image of a modern "new woman" archetype
What is the setting of St. Moritz?
A Swiss Alps resort town
What event was hosted at St. Moritz?
The 1928 Winter Olympic Games
What does St. Moritz depict?
A woman preparing to ski down a slope
What car did de Lempicka actually drive?
A small yellow Renault
What topics did Die Dame cover?
Sports, celebrities, cosmetics, and automobiles
What did Die Dame's annual car issue include?
Photos of female celebrities with their cars, articles on new car models, and instructions on driving-related tasks
What happened shortly before the issue of Die Dame featuring de Lempicka's self-portrait was released?
Clärenore Stinnes arrived in Berlin
What did Stinnes complete?
A 27 month tour
What did Stinnes achieve?
She became one of the first people to circumnavigate the world by car
Who did Stinnes complete the tour with?
Carl-Axel Söderström
What message did Die Dame and similar productions promote?
Woman should be out on the road and enjoy themselves just as much as male drivers