Unit 3 - Chp 10 & 11 Muscular Tissue & System

What is the function of a tendon

Puts exertion on bones to contract, muscle to bone connection

Difference between origin and insertion

origin is where the muscle is planted, insertion is where movement occurs

Where is the weight (fulcrum) on a first second and third class lever 

First class - in the middle (skull)

Second class - to the right (tippy toes)

Third class - to the left (elbow)

What muscles are responsible for chewing

massester & temporalis 

What muscle is responsible for closing the eye

orbicularis oculi muscles

Which muscle extends/flexes the elbow

bicep brachii - flexion

Tricep brachii - extension

which muscle turns the head

sternocleidomastoid muscle 

Which muscle flexes/extends the spine

flexes - abdominal muscles

extends - erector spinae 

Which muscle group extends vs flexes the knee

Flex - hamstring

Extend - quadriceps

What is compartment syndrome

when pressure constricts the structure in a compartment that leads to damaged blood vessels, can result in damaged nerves and scar tissue/contracture (perm. shortening of a muscle)

What is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum?

Calcium

What is plantar facilits and how do you treat it

chronic irritation of the heel (plantar aponuerosis), originates from calcenus and leads to pain in the heel. 

treatment can be made via ice, cold packs, stretching, weight loss, prosthetics, steroids, or surgery 

true or false : the tricep plays as the antagonist while extending the arm 

false

What muscles is C

Sartorius 

which muscle pair is the agonist - antagonist of the forearm (flexes & extends)

biceps brachii & triceps brachii 

Which muscle is a powerful arm extensor?

tricep brachii

Where is the semitendious located

posterior compartment of the thigh

Where is the gracilis loacted

medial compartment of the thigh

where is the bicep femoris loacted

back part of the knee, part of the hamstrings 

where is the vastus medialius located

anterior part of the thigh

Which letters make up the hamstring 

L - semitendinous

M - bicep femoris 

N - semimembraneous muscle 

Which muscles make up the quadriceps

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis

the elbow JOINT allows for what kind of movement

flexion & extension

What arm muscles combined help flex the forearm

biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis 

A woman complains going up the stairs. the hip is weak but no signs of the hip or knee flexion being damaged. What muscle is most likely damaged

Gluteus maximus 

Which muscles are c are considered the abs

rectus abdomis

How do muscles derive the ATP necessary
to power the contraction cycle?
▪ Creatine phosphate
▪ Anaerobic glycolysis
▪ Cellular respiration

All of the above

What causes muscle fatigue?

• Inadequate release of Ca2+ from SR
  ▪ Depletion of CP, oxygen, and nutrients
  ▪ Build up of lactic acid and ADP
  ▪ Insufficient release of ACh at NMJ
  

Oxygen Debt (why we breathe heavy after exertion)

• Replenish CP stores
  ▪ Convert lactate into pyruvate
  ▪ Reload O2 onto myoglobin

What happens in a sacromere during a contraction

I band shortens, H zone disappears

Hypertrophy vs hyperplasia

hypertrophy = cells get bigger

hyperplasia = more cells are created, higher risk of cancer

What structures cause the straitions in muscle

A bands, H zone, I bands ****

What are the three connective tissue that covers skeletal muscle

epimysium - covers the entire muscle

perimysium - covers fascicles/bundles of muscle fibers

endomysium - wraps around each muscle fiber

What is the function of T tubules

transmit signal to release the calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to start the contraction & synchronizes the contraction

Difference of isometric & isotonic contraction 

isotonic = shorten length in msucle w constant tension while isometric is no change in uscle length w/ tension

Different organelles of the muscle 

What are the components of the triad

One t tubule & 2  large areas of sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side of the t tubule (terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum) 

excess atp produced will be then turned into

creatine phosphate

The site where a somatic neuron unit releases acetylcholine to stimulate a muscle fiber

neuromuscular junction 

binding sites on actin are covered by what

tropomyosin

which structure allows the propagation of the muscle action potential

T tubules - acts as a conduit deep into the muscle fiber

Which structure acts a border between two sacromeres 

Z discs 

A treatment for myasthenia gravis is pyridostigmine which stops ACh from being broken down. Which does pyridostigmine inhibit?

AChE

What protein does calicum bind to

Troponin

A group of muscle cells stimulated by a single motor neuron is known as

a motor unit

How does a motor neuron stimulate a muscle cell

neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft to cause an action potential within the muscle cell 

A powerstroke is caused by the ATP hydrolysis and phosphate release, which binds and moves what molecule

myosin (specifically myosin heads)

How are binding sites pn actin exposed

calcium attaches onto troponin which slides tropomyosin off binding sites on actin 

What does tropomyosin block during muscle relaxation 

myosin binding sites on actin