Unit 4 AP Psych

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29 Terms

1

Classical Conditioning

The process of learning through the association of stimuli and responses.

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2

Unconditioned stimulus

The original stimulus that elicits a natural and reflexive response.

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3

Unconditioned response

The involuntary response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

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4

Conditioned stimulus

A stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

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5

Extinction

The process of unlearning a behavior by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

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6

Generalization

The tendency to respond to similar stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.

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7

Discrimination

The ability to differentiate between different stimuli and respond selectively.

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8

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is presented again.

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9

Higher-order conditioning

Using a conditioned stimulus as an unconditioned stimulus to condition a response to a new stimulus.

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10

Operant Conditioning

A type of learning based on the association of consequences with behaviors.

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11

Law of Effect

Behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to occur.

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12

Reinforcer

A stimulus that increases the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring.

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13

Reinforcement

A method that strengthens a desired response.

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14

Positive Reinforcement

The addition of something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

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15

Negative Reinforcer

The removal of something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

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16

Positive Punishment

The addition of something unpleasant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

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17

Negative Punishment

The removal of something pleasant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

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18

Punishment VS Reinforcement

Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior, while reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior.

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19

Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior to achieve the final behavior.

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20

Chaining

Combining multiple behaviors to form a larger behavior.

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21

Primary Reinforcers

Inherently rewarding stimuli such as food, water, and shelter.

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22

Secondary Reinforcers

Learned reinforcers such as money and praise.

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23

Premack principle

Using a preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity.

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24

Reinforcement Schedules

Different patterns of delivering reinforcement to maintain or modify behavior.

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25

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing the behavior every time it occurs.

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26

Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement

Reinforcement delivered after a set number of responses.

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27

Fixed-Interval Reinforcement

Reinforcement delivered after a behavior is performed following a fixed amount of time.

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28

Variable-Ratio Reinforcement

Reinforcement delivered after a variable number of responses.

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29

Variable-Interval Reinforcement

Reinforcement delivered after a behavior is performed following a variable amount of time.

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