Honors World Midterm

celcius

uses an alternate scale for temperature with 0 degrees as freezing

farenheit

temperature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees, mercury thermometer

hobbes

humans are selfish, government is required for protection

locke

faith in society, favored a democracy

Copernicus

Heliocentric theory

Galilleo

supported the heliocentric theory

Aristotle

geocentric theory

Beccaria

Abolishment of torture

Torricelli

mercury barometer, air pressure

Wollstonecraft

wrote a book on and fought for women's rights

Astell

Argued for female education, argued for marrage equality

Vesalius

Father of Anatomy

harvey

circulatory system

jenner

inventor of the smallpox vaccine

how did the catholic church view enlightenment

the church was worried the enlightenment as a negative thing that would change peoples faith

enlightenment age

When science and reason replaced myth and superstition

Hobbes social contract

people hand over their rights and the ruler gives us law and order

natural rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

elliptical orbits

Kepler

astronomy

The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space

catherine the great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

Diderot

encyclopedia

Geoffrin

most influential salon hostess

enlightened despot

Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change

paris-enlightenment capital

center stage or home for the enlightenment

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who demanded equal rights for women.

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution

Old Regime

The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution

committee on public safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Bourgeoisie

French middle class

right-wing

conservative

left-wing

liberal/socialist

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Third Estate

commoners

Great Fear

A wave of senseless panic

guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

french revolution slogan

liberty, equality, fraternity

reign of terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Toussaint L'Overture, 1803

He led a slave rebellion that took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the United States.

Czar Alexander I of Russia

Defeated Napoleon, burned countryside so Napoleon's army starves (used scorched earth policy)

congress of vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

scorched earth policy

Burning live stock and crops to prevent the enemy from living off the land

continental system

Closed European ports to British goods

Coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

elba

First island Napoleon was exiled to

st helena

place of napoleons second/last exile and death

Waterloo

Battle in Belgium that was Napoleon's final defeat

Leipzig

German city outside of which Napoleon faced the allied armies of the European powers; they defeated him

trafalgar

site of the only major battle that Napoleon Bonaparte lost in his drive for a European empire

louisiana purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

simon bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Miguel (father) Hidalgo

Priest who began the revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico

native americans

the first people to live in North America

jose de san martin

Led revolts for Argentina and worked with Bolivar to free Peru from Spanish rule

Peninsulares

People born in Spain

creoles

Spaniards born in Latin America

mestizoes

People of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage

mullatoes

People of African and European descent

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

ottoman empire

sign an alliance with britain and declare war on france

Mary Shelly

Author of Frankenstein

Victor Hugo

french poet and author, Les Miserables

Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister who unified northern Italy

Bismarck

(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. Delivers "blood and iron" speech.

red shirts

Garibaldi's army of 1000 red-shirted volunteers

Young Italy

(1830) secret society, goal was a free and united Italy, founded by Mazzini

second reich

Period in German history in which Bismarck formed a united Germany

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

realism

artistic representation that aims for visual accuracy

impressionism

A style of painting started in France in the 1860's. This style of art empashied the effect of sunlight on objects and used small dabs of paints that are blended in the viewers eyes to imitate reflected light. Noted artists include: Edgar Degas, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Mary Cassatt and Claude Monet.

characteristics of nationalism

Nationality, Language, Culture, History, Religion.

Kaiser

An emperor of Germany

macadam

engineer and roadbuilder who invented "macadamistation"

Tull

Invented the seed drill

Fulton

Invented the steamboat

Bakewell

used selective breeding to produce larger and healthier farm animals

Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

industrial revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

textile mills

factories where textile were made, first kind of mills in the industrial revolution

enclosures

One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.

factory first act

an attempt to establish a regular working day in a textile mill

Urbanization

the growth of cities

entrepreneur

A person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Manchester

City in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution City; first major rail line linked Manchester to Liverpool in 1830.

Britain-Start of industrialization

britain had good natural resources, and had a good geography for industrialization to be made easy

Bentham and Mill are 2 people that represent ________________

Utilitarianism

Karl Marx

Father of Communism, writes communist manifesto

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Cockerill

Opened factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes (took in the less fortunate)

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Established the first factory town and one of the first to hire women to work the factories

Luddities

group of working class laborers who attacked factories in england as the result of poor living and working conditions

Unions

organizations of workers who bargain with employers as a group (sometimes go on strike)

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels, describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people