3.1 Nosocomial Infection Test

Isolation

The process of separating bacteria to obtain pure cultures.

Bacterial Streaking

A technique used to isolate and obtain individual bacterial colonies.

Agar

A gel-like substance used as a growth medium for bacteria in petri dishes.

Sterile Inoculation Loop

A tool used to transfer bacteria in a sterile manner.

Gram Stain

A laboratory technique to differentiate bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative.

Nosocomial Infections

Infections acquired in a hospital setting.

Modes of Transmission

Various ways pathogens can be spread from one host to another.

Agents of Disease

Different types of pathogens that can cause diseases.

UTI

Urinary Tract Infection caused by bacteria like Escherichia coli.

Passive Acquired Immunity

Immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies.

R-naught Value

A measure of how contagious an infectious disease is.

Direct Contact

Transmission of pathogens through physical contact.

Protists

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause diseases like amoebic dysentery.

Margin

Refers to the edge characteristics of a bacterial colony for identification.

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Binds to human cells to facilitate viral entry.

Artificially Acquired Immunity

Immunity developed through vaccination.

Antibody

Produced by the immune system to bind to foreign antigens.

Histoplasmosis

Fungal infection caused by inhaling spores found in bird and bat droppings.

Helminths

Parasitic worms that can cause diseases in humans.

Prion

A type of pathogen that is not considered alive and is made of abnormal protein, causing diseases like mad cow disease and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Helminth

Parasitic worms like pinworms that live in the digestive system, spread through direct contact, and cause itching and discomfort.

Gram Stain

A laboratory technique that differentiates bacteria into Gram-positive (purple) and Gram-negative (pink) based on their cell wall composition.

BSE Incubation Period

The time it takes for symptoms to show after a cow is infected with abnormal proteins causing BSE, usually four to six years.

Isolation

A process like bacterial streaking used to separate and identify individual colonies of bacteria for further study.

Pandemic

A disease like the Spanish flu that spreads worldwide affecting a large population, unlike sporadic or epidemic diseases.

R-naught Value

Represents the expected number of new infections from one infected person, crucial in understanding disease transmission.

Autoimmune Disease

Conditions like Lupus where the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissues, requiring management and treatment.

Gram-negative Diplococci

Type of bacteria characterized by their rod-shaped morphology and arrangement, identified through Gram staining.

Prion and Virus

Pathogens not considered alive, composed of protein and nucleic acid, causing diseases like mad cow disease and viral infections.