Nutrition test 1

what two concepts are in nutrition

biology and chemistry

460 BC

hypochrites hypothesized that there are many foods but one nutrient, most important is energy

1700

antoine laroisier decided life was a combustable process because we give off energy in heat

how many nutrients are needed in the body or diet for proper function

40

what is the primary objective of animal nutrition

provide various nutrients to animal for maintenance, health, and production

nutrition

the series of chemical, biochemical, and physiological processes which transform food elements into body tissues and activities

nutrient

any chemical substance that is used and necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals

what are the two most consumed chemicals

water and caffeine

digestion

combination of mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic processes occurring in GI tract that prepares ingested material for aborption by reducing particle size and in a greater solubility

what percentage of digestion is done through enzymes

90%

what happens when you increase water solubility

fat solubility decrease

aborption

passage or movement of the end products of digestion through wall of GI tract to general circulation (blood)

distribution

movement of nutrients from the absorptive sites to the various cells in body via blood system

metabolism

all physical and chemical process by which living organized material is produced and maintained

anabolism

any constructive process which simple substances are converted to more complex compounds

catabolism

any destructive process which complex substances are converted to more simple compounds

excretion

removal from body of unusable materials and waste products of metabolism

what is the most used excretion

urine

glycolysis and krebs cycle

breakdown glucose and is catabolic

transcription and translation

amino acids to protein and is catabolic

triacylglycerol synthesis

fatty acids to triacylglycerol and is anabolic

how are fatty acids broken down

through beta oxidation

feed stuff

any material of natural of synthesis that’s fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them

natural feed stuff

corn, wheat, barley, & oats

natural processed feed stuff

soybean meal, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, corn gluten feed

what is the purpose of feeding an animal soybean meal?

oil

synthetic feed stuff

crystalline amino acids (HCl, methionine) vitamins (B12, thiamine, HCl)

diet

combination of feed stuffs that’s been formulated to provide nourishment to animal

ration

portion of diet consumed by an animal in 24 hrs

supplement

feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve the nutritive balance of a diet and the performance of an animal

concentrate

feed stuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains less than 18% crude fiber (SBM, corn, wheat)

can animal digest fiber to get energy

no

roughage

feed stuff containing more than 18% crude fiber (fructose, straw, corn, bermuda, hay) and is high in energy

what is the difference between rye and hay

the amount of water is the difference

dry matter

everything except for water

organic

contains carbon (nitrogenous, lipids, carbs)

inorganic

minerals

protein

amino acids linked together by peptide bonds (16%N)

need the AA not protein

amino group

nitrogenous compound

excess used for energy

carbohydrates

simple (glucose) aka starch; fiber

available is the simple ones

unavailable is the fiber

lipids

fats, glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids ~ most concentrated form of energy

what three forms of nutrient provide the body with energy

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

vitamins

fat soluble (ADEK) and water soluble (B complex & C)

minerals

micro and macro

nothing to do with size but with how much needed

50% Calcium 25% Phosphorous

iron, fluoreine, selenium

water

often forgotten, cheapest to supply, readily available

oxygen

not really consumed, respiration

what are the six components of proximate analysis

moisture, ash, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract

moisture

water is the most variable, remove water by heating to 100 degrees celsius

ash

muffle furnace and it is burned at 400-600 degrees celsius, this is all the minerals

kjeldahl N

protein (6.25% N), boil in H2SO4, distill in ammonia, divide by 0.16 (16% N in protein), strong acid then strong base

ether extract

fat, boil in ether, distill fat left, lipids

crude fiber

boil in weak acid/base, unavailable carbs

since animals can not digest fiber what can

bacteria

N free extract

add all portions and subtract from 100 to get available carbs

why are vitamins not calculated in proximate analysis

at the time it was created they were not known about

what portion of proximate anaylsis contains vitamins

ether extract (fat soluble) and NFE (water soluble)

light reactions of photosynthesis

require sunlight, goal is to make ATP, mesophyll of leaves

dark reactions of photosynthesis

stroma of chloroplast, needs ATP tp transfer into bonds to make glucose

stem

structural, cellulose and lignin (unavailable carb), high CHO content

leaves

photosynthesis, needs enzymes (protein), relatively high in protein

seeds

germination and reproduction, storage site of nutrients (carb, lipid, protein)

high in protein and energy

undigestable coating

cereal grain

store energy as CHO (starch), corn wheat, barley

oil bearing

store energy lipids (oil), soybean meal, cotton seed, peanut

water in animal body

essential component of every cell

how much water is in an animals blood

90%

how much water is in an animals bone

45%

how mich water is in an animal’s muscle

75%

how much water is in an animals enamel

5%

fat in an animal body

all cell membranes are composed of phospholipids

adipose tissue

energy storage site in body, made of fat

protein in an animal body

present in every cell of body

mineral in animal body

in the bones and teeth

Ca, P, Mg

tissues have ATP

body fluids: Na, K, Cl (electrolytes)

blood: Fe (hemoglobin)

carbohydrate in animal body

< 1% in animals (probably least stored)

live in blood and muscle because able to store glycogen

what are the similarities and difference between starch and cellulose

both are chain of glucose

bonds are different

what is the ratio between protein to ash in a dry fat free basis

80:20

hydrolytic digestion

animal produces enzymes in tissues

occur: stomach, SI, pancrease (secretes)

species: dependent

fermentive

enzymes produces by microbes (bacteria + protozoa)

occur: rumen, cecum bc have viable microbes

species: herbivores and ruminants

mouth in monogastic digestion

food acquistion

mechanical breakdown (mastication), teeth to break down and grab food

saliva- adds moisture, buffers (bicarb), taste, amylase

what does amylase do

starts starch digestion

what is the esophagues used for in digestion of all animal except avians

transport

stomach in monogastric digestion

bulk is made up of cardiac gland region and fundic gland region

first is esphogeal region

last is pyloric region

secretes HCl and pepsiongen

lines with parietal and chief cells

HCl

made in parietal cells

chemical reaction not enzymatic

activates pepsinogen into pepsin to breakdown protein

pepsiongen

made in chief cells

in low pH chemically produce pepsin (active form)

break down protein

what does the pyloric region do in a monogastric stomach

regulates passage of digesta

small intenstine of monogastirc digestion

enzymes secreted here and pancreas

carbs: starch→glucose then absorbed into blood, fiber→undigested

fats: tricerglyercol→glycerol and fatty acids the absorbed and go to liver

protein: true→amino acids then absorbed, NPN→go out hopefully don’t absorb much (ammonia)

mineral: oxide in magnesium makes absorbed in stomach

vitamins: fat soluble→where fat absorb, water soluble→where water absorb

large intestine in monogastric animals

water absorbed and minerals and vitamins if water soluble

mouth for ruminant digestion

food acquistion- tongue primary, no top incisors

no long masticating

saliva- add moisture, buffer (produce more and change comp)

no amylase

stomach of ruminant rigestion

esophagus enter at rumen + reticulum where it can go back and forth then enter omasum then abomasum

what is the ruminant equivalent of the monogastric stomach

abomasum

reticulo-rumen

no enzymes form animals

25-30 bil/mLbacteria

200-500,000/mL protozoa

microbes digest

carbs: starch→glucose→microbe energy→VFA, fiber→glucose→microbe energy→VFA

fats: TG→glycerol + fatty acids, FA no absorb just digested

protein: total protein→amino acids to be used by microbes to make more, NPN→needed for creating microbe protein

vitamins: B are synthezied, cobat from cobalamine

what three things are needed to make microbe proteins in ruminant

NPN to get amino group

carbon backbone

total protein for amino acids

omasum digestion in ruminant

water absorb

abomasum digestion in ruminant

true stomach, bugs die, same as monogastic stomcah

small intestine of ruminant

major site of digestion and absorption, fatty acids absorbed, by-pass protein turned to amino acids then absorbed with microbial protein, mineral and viatmins absorbed

large intestine of ruminant

water absorbed and any remaining vitamins and minerals

young ruminants

essentially monogastric because only abomasum funcitonal

3wks: rumen begins to become functional

3 mos: fully funcitonal

have esophogeal groove

esophageal groove

muscle during first 304 mos of life active, nursing stimulates it closing, milk by-pass rumen to gen into abomasum

regurgitate

to cast up “digested” food to the mouth

ruminate

regurg, chew, reswallow

eructate

elimination of gas via belching

gas produced by bacteria and protozoa, CO2 and CH4, bloat possible

bloat

inability to expell gas, can cause rumen to cut off vena cava so then no blood flow