MOLECULES TO CELLS EXAM REVIEW PART 1

inputs of photosynthesis

water, CO2, sunlight

relationship between stromata and thylakoids

stromata allow carbon dioxide in and out of cells and the thylakoids house chlorophyll which is a pigment in plants absorbing the suns photons

describe photosystem II→the first stage in light reactions

1. occurs in the thylakoid membrane that houses chloroplast

2. chlorophyll in PSII and electrons becomes excited

3. electrons flow into thylakoid membrane and it becomes negativly charged→beginning electron transport chain

4. as the electrons move thorugh thylakoid emebrane they operate on proton pumps which pulls hydrogen ions into the membrane

5. in this process water molecules are broken down to supply the electrons from hydrogen and oxygen is realased

6. PSI chlorophyll gets excited and move through the thylakoid membrane to ATP synthase

7. in this process NADPH is created through electrons bonding H+ and NADP

8. large amount of hydrogens in the thylakoid want to diffuse through ATP synthase and bond ADP to another phosphate creating ATP

9. ATP and NADPH are important creations

what light stimulates most photosynthesis

red and blue

definition of photosynthesis

process that converts sunlight into glucose

calvin cycle light independent reactions of photosynthesis

1. RuBP bonds with CO2

2. ATP and NADH break down the six carbon molecule into phosphoglycerate→ 2 PGA

3. some of these will bond to create glucose and some will be broken down further to keep cycle going and create RuBP

formula of photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

what inhibits beta oxidation (fatty acid breakdown)

malonyl CoA which is formed during synthesis of fatty acids

difference between CAT 1 and CAT 2

carnitine acyl transferase-1 functions in the mitochondrial membrane adding an acyl carntine and taking a CoA

carnitine acyl transferase-1 functions in the mitochondria in adding a carntine to leave with fatty acid CoA

catalyst

substance speeding up a chemical reaction but is not consumed in the reaction

what are required for enzyme activity

cofactors→vitamins and metals

process of converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA

pyruvate dehydrogenase

B1= removes Co2

B3=NAD+

B5=CoA

what is the michaelis menten equation

what is the line weaver burk plot equatin

differences in beta oxidation and fatty acid synthesis

fatty acid breakdown: two carbons sequentially removed, oxidizing agents are FAD+and NAD+,occurs in mitochondira

fatty acid synthesis: carbon units are added via molonyl-ACP, reducing agent is NADPH, and it occurs in the cytoplasm

what connects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and how

mitochondrial citrate carrier→citrate carried out of TCA if ATP is high for fatty acid synthesis which breaks down to acetyl CoA

what is the steady state assumption in enzyme kinteics

what happens in competitive inhibition versus uncompetitive inhibiton

competitive→increase in kM because more substrate is needed byt Vmax unaffacted

uncompetitive→decrease in KM and decrease in Vmax