Crime and Deviance 7

What is globalisation?

Increasing interconnectedness of countries

What is the value of transnational organised crime every year?

£1 trillion

What are the main 3 third world drug producing countries?

Colombia, Peru, Afghanistan

Why do 3rd world countries produce drugs?

Little investment in technology and great financial gains

What percent of Colombia depend on cocaine for livelihood?

20%

What did Taylor argue?

TNCs - middle class commit tax evasion and money laundering, working class in developed countries commit crime to make ends meet

Example of TNCs committing crime.

Shell in Nigeria - removed people out of homes at gunpoint and exploited natural resources

What is a criticism of Taylor?

Not all companies sacrifice ethics for profits

What is glocal crime?

Global networks built with local criminals in other countries

Who argued glocal crime?

Hobbs and Dunningham

What is a criticism of Hobbs and Dunningham?

Study was conducted on one economically depressed town and it hasn’t replaced traditional hierarchies

What is the McMafia?

Crime networks operate like businesses

Why did the McMafia originate?

Fall of communism deregulated most sectors and ex KGB officials bought industries at low prices and sold them on Western markets

What percentage of the world’s GDP did organised crime account for in 2009?

15%

What does the McMafia do with the money?

Supply wars and ensure that the mafia can continue

Who argued the McMafia?

Glenny

What is a criticism of Glenny?

Not all global crime stemmed from the fall of communism

What are 2 reasons why global crime is difficult to police?

• Hard to target

• Different laws

What is green crime?

Crimes against environment

What does Beck argue?

Risk society - global warming is caused by consumerist society and we are still not aware of the true damage caused

What is a criticism of Beck?

He argues that green crime affects everyone when Potter argues it is done by the rich and affects the poor and women

What is the Bhopal disaster?

Lack of regard for health and safety caused 45 tons of poisonous gas to be released from the Union Carbide pesticide plant

How many causalities from the Bhopal disaster?

20000 dead, half a million affected - most received £275 each and some nothing

Who was punished for the Bhopal disaster?

Union Carbide fined 470 million and stocks dropped

What is traditional criminology view?

Focuses on activities that break laws

What is a transgressive criminology view?

Focuses on any deliberate harm caused

What does South argue?

Primary and secondary green crime

What is a criticism of transgressive criminology?

Broad

What does McLaughlin argue as the categories of state crime?

• Political - censorship

• Crimes by security - genocide

• Economic - health and safety violations

• Social and cultural - institutional racism

What does Sweindinger argue?

Violation of human rights should be illegal

What is a criticism of Sweindinger?

Cohen - not enough agreement on what qualifies for human rights

What happened at Guantanamo Bay?

Terror suspects held and tortured

What does Kelman and Hamilton argue?

People who carry out crimes like torture are being told what to do

What is authorisation?

Told to do something by authority, principles are replaced by duty to obey

What is routinisation?

Strong pressure to turn the act into a routine which people perform in a detached manner

What is dehumanisation?

Enemy described as animals

What is a strength of Kelman and Hamilton?

Nazis

What is the spiral of denial?

1. Didn’t happen

2. It was something else

3. Its justified

What is neutralisation theory?

Excuses to justify massacres

What are the techniques of neutralisation according to Cohen?

• Denial of victim

• Denial of injury

• Denial of responsibility

• Condemning condemners

• Appeal to higher loyalties