ETHICS INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS

episteme

knowledge

Moralis

proper conduct

Theoretical Wisdom

in pursuit of our intellectual aspect

Practical Wisdom

in purist of our moral aspect. The latter is thus the type of reasoning employed in Ethics.

1. A general rule
2. A specific example
3. Evaluation of the example

Deductive Model of Moral Reasoning

1. Facts
2. Relevant pre-existing beliefs
3. One's judgement of a particular conduct

Reflective Equilibrium Model

Philosophia

Greek word, origin of Philosophy

Philo

love

sophia

wisdom

Pythagoras

Was the first to coin the word philosophy.

metaphysics

It tries to articulate our reasons for qualifying the existence of beings or things.

meta

beyond

epistemology

It is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge.

logos

study

axiology

It is the branch of philosophy where we inspect the area of things that have value and why are they worth pursuing.

axia

value or worth

aesthetics

is concerned with notions of beauty and what can be considered as art.

aisthetikos

perception

ethics

is concerned with moral standards and positions

ethos

character

correct reasoning

the tool which philosophers use in articulating and proposing answers to the questions is

logic

The study of the truth and validity of our arguments, of checking the reasonableness of statements

philosophy

is the study of being (or everything), according to its ultimate explanation, in the light of reason

Lorenz Moises Festin PhD

Socrates

"wonder is the feeling of a philosopher, and philosophy begins in wonder

Ethics

is the study of the underlying principles of morality.

Meta-ethics

is the study of the basic ethical concepts and principles that aid in the discussion of Ethics.

Meta

Beyond

Normative Ethics

This approach focuses on the study of various Ethical Frameworks or Theories that aim to guide our conduct.

norma

right

Applied Ethics/Practical Ethics

This approach is an application of Ethical Theories towards specific concerns such as Bioethics/Biomedical Ethics, Environmental Ethics, Cyber Ethics, Business Ethics, etc.

Folkways

The first set of rules that dictated how things should or should not be done

Mores

This emerged from the formation of these rules and sanctions for the sake of societal welfare

Laws

Mores that are formalized and codified

Moral Agents

possess the freedom and ability to choose and make rational decisions.

Moral Patients

pertain to entities incapable of making their own rational decision,

Freedom

entails that an individual is fully conscious and responsible for the outcome of one's decision and actions.

Obligation

on the other hand concerns one's duty to oneself to exercise freedom in planning for one's future.

Moral Subjectivism

posits that since each individual has their own ethical point of view, it would be useless to settle disputes between clashing beliefs and rather just agree to disagree.

Moral Relativism

focuses on the differences in ethical point of view on a societal level. It would be useless to compare and contrast groups that differ in their Ethical Framework. This problem manifests more when it comes to discussing diverse cultures and religious beliefs.

Is-Ought Fallacy

introduces the problematic derivation of the prescription of an action (ought) from something that occurs naturally or something that is merely described to be happening