health science exam sem 1 yr 11

Therapeutic cloning

Produces embryonic stem cells that are for experiment aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or deceased tissues

Disadvantages of Apgar testing

• Doesn’t give insight into long term conditions

• Overly broad

• Not for all skin types

• Can be affected by various factors

Benefits of Apgar

• Is an immediate assessor for babies health and tells medical team if extra care is needed

• Monitoring babies response to interventions

• Standardised method for reporting newborns health

Common causes of post partum depression

• Hormone changes

• Physiological demands - meeting new demands of motherhood - anxiety about caring for baby

• Sleep deprivation

• Physical demands of child birth and motherhood

  

Prostate cancer - detection

blood tests, biopsy, digital rectum exam

prostate cancer treatment

can include active survellience, radiation therapy, chemo, radiation therapy

prostate cancer prognosis

very high survival rate, often slow growing in the early stages

HIV/AIDs - male infertility

Treatments for AIDS/HIV such as antiretrovial therapy can lower the sperm count and motility

• Additionally left untreated is can cause reproductive organ damage overtime

Type 2 diabetes

• Insufficient insulin secretion for blood glucose regulation

• More common over 45 years old

• May need to take insulin + food, exercise, medication

• 90-95% of people with diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

Autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks insulin producing cells, can develop at any age. must take insulin. Body doesn’t produce enough insulin.

Gestational diabetes

• Diabetes that develops during pregnancy due to an increase insulin resistance and hormone changes

• When the body is not able to produce enough insulin to meet the increased needs during pregnancy leading to elevated blood glucose levels

• Higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life

Feedback loop of breast feeding

Oxytocin and prolactin

• When the baby suckles it triggers the release of oxytocin which helps the milk ejection and flow and this encourages the baby to suckle more

• Prolactin - milk productions

• Oxytocin - milk ejection

Main benefits of breast feeding for the mother and baby

• Mother - increases prenatal bond

  • Helps postpartum recovery

  • Weight loss

  • Reduced risk of chronic conditions

  • Emotional wellbeing (caring for child)

  • Convenience and affordability

• Baby- enhanced immunity and nutrition

  • Improved digestion

  • Brain development

  • Reduced risk of chronic conditions

  • Stronger emotional and social bonding

Treatments for prostate cancer

• Active surveillance

• Radiation therapy

• Surgery

• Hormone therapy

Treatments for Testicular cancer

• Testicular

  • Surgery - most common

  • Chemotherapy if needed

  • Radiation therapy- if needed

Why might a surrogate be used

• Infertility

• Genetic conditions

• Same sex couple

• Medical conditions

• Intersex people

• Single people

Surrogacy

• An arrangement where a women (known as a surrogate) agrees to become pregnant and carry a child for a person/couple

  • The intended parents of the child who will raise the child post birth

  • Intended parents are the legal guardians post birth

Types of surrogacy

• Altruistic

• Commercial

• Gestational (IVF) or traditional(artificial insemination)

Induction

• Pessary

• Tablet

• Gel

• All require insertion into the vagina insertion

Natural pain relief for labour

• Staying active

• Hot pack

• Birthing mat

• Birthing stool

• Massage

• Shower

• Birthing ball

• Breathing technique

• Music

Postnatal depression - signs

• Feeling anxious, exhausted, empty and teary

• Feeling scared of being alone

• Worrying excessively about baby

• Very low mood

• Having trouble sleeping

Pain killers - for birth

• Opioids

• Epidural

• Gas and air

• All suppress pain related nerve inflammation, nerves still work, pain receptors inactive - reduces stress in mother

Gene therapy

• A medical approach that treats diseases by medically altering a persons genetic makeup, either by replacing faulty genes, editing them or introducing new ones

• It aims to correct the underlying genetic cause of a disease, offering potential cures or improved management of conditions

How is testicular cancer usually diagnosed

• Self exam

• Ultrasound

• Blood test for tumour markers

How is prostate cancer usually diagnosed

Blood tests, digital rectal exam, biopsy

Oxytocin in labour

• Positive feedback loop/mechanism

• It is the natural hormone that dilates the cervix and is responsible for contractions during labour

• If contractions don’t start or aren't strong enough a synthetic oxytocin drip can be given

  • The release of oxytocin causes action that stimulates more of it's release (positive feedback loop)

Common signs that labour is approaching

• "water breaks" - ammneotic water

• Period like cramps

• Backache

• Diarrhea

• "show" - bloodstain discharge

• Contractions

• Fatigue

• Heightened stress

• Mood swings

• "lightening" or dropping - baby lower in stomach

• Increased discharge

Stage 3 of labour

Placental stage

what happens in stage 3 of labour

• Delivery of the placenta

• Usually accomplished within 15 mins after birth of infant

• After birth - placenta and attached fatal membranes

• All placental fragments should be removed in order to avoid postpartum bleeding

Afterbirth

Placenta and all fatal membranes

delivered in stage 3 of labour

Breech

• Infant delivery position in mothers stomach

• Breech position is buttocks or feet first

Stage 2 - labour

Expulsion

what happens in stage 2 of labour

• Infant passes through cervix and vagina

• Can last for as long as 2 hours but the average for first birth is 50 mins and 20 mins in subsequent births

• Normal delivery is head first (vertex position)

• Breech position is feet or buttocks first

Vertex postion

normal delivery position. head first

Risk factors for gestational diabetes

• Having PCOS

• Not being physically active

• Being overweight/obese

• Family history

• Having pre-diabetes

• Previous gestational diabetes

• Previous big baby (over 4.1kg)

stage 1 - labour

dilation

what happens in stage 1 of labour

• Cervix becomes effaced (shorter) and dilated

• Full dilation is 10cm

• Uterine contractions begin and increase (this assists dilation)

• Cervix softens and effaces (thins)

• Amnion ruptures ("breaking water")

• Longest stage 8-12 hours (or more)

symptoms of gestational diabetes

• Increased thirst

• Increased urination

• Fatigue

• Blurred vision

• Increased infections

Long term impacts of having gestational diabetes on mother

• Developing type 2 diabetes later in life

• Cardiovascular disease

• Malignancies (developing certain cancers)

Long term impacts of having gestational diabetes on child

• Increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes

• Metabolic risk (high cholesterol)

• Cardiovascular disease

Endometriosis

Occurs when the tissue that resembles the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, attaching itself to other pelvic and abdominal organs. It can also be found else where in the body

Why is endometriosis hard to diagnose

• Symptoms hugely overlap with other conditions

• Pain is often normalised

• Symptoms vary widely - case to case

• Easily overlooked

• No simple non invasive test to diagnose

Therapeutic cloning

Produces embryonic stem cells that are for experiment aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or deceased tissues

Altruistic surrogacy

The surrogate only receives money for expenses related to the pregnancy. It is legal throughout Australia.

Commercial surrogacy

When the surrogate receives payments/gifts beyond pregnancy related expenses. It is illegal in Australia and can result in heavy fines or jail time.

Designer babies

• Designer babies refer to the idea of children whose genetics have been artificially selected or modified

  • Often to eliminate disease or to enhance genetic traits such as appearance, intelligence or athletic ability

Loss of genetic diversity

• Ethical and social issues of designer baby's

• Choosing traits could narrow the gene pool and would make populations more susceptible to certain diseases

Unintended consequences

• Designer baby's ethical and social issues

• There could be off-target edits which could cause new diseases or health issues later in life

Genetic discrimination

• Ethical and social issues of designer babies

• Concerns surrounding labelling or excluding people based off their genetics'

"playing god" argument

• Ethical and social issues of designer babies

• Critics argue that humans shouldn’t interfere with natural genetic inheritance

Equality + access

• Ethical and social issues of designer babies

• Only wealthy individuals may afford technology, exacerbating social inequalities

Potential treatment for managing endometriosis

• Medication for pain relief

  • Anti-inflammatory drugs

• Hormone therapy

  • Combined hormone contraceptives

  • Progesterone only

• Surgery

  • Laparoscopy - removes scar tissue and lesions

  • Hysterectomy - removes the uterus

Common symptoms of endometriosis

• Irregular periods

• Heavy bleeding

• Painful periods

• Pain during sex

• Painful ovulation

• Constant fatigue

• Bleeding in-between periods

• Digestive problems

• Periods 7+ days

• Ovarian cysts

How might endo affect fertility

• Blocked tubes

• Distortion and/or scarring

• Chemical release - can release chemicals that can affect sperm and egg interaction or impact implantation

• Hormone imbalance

• Inflammation and immune response

• Scarring from endo can distort the pelvic area, potentially blocking fallopian tubes or interfering with ovulation

 

Potential complications of birth for mother with GD

• Premature baby

• High birth weight

• Induction of labour

• Post partum depression

Potential complications of birth for baby with GD

• Shoulder dystocia

• Breathing problems

• Low blood sugar

Somatic cell  gene therapy

Alters the genes in non-reproductive cells, such as those in specific tissue or organ

Epididymitis

• Inflammation of the epididymis, this can block sperm and therefore cause infertility

• 

what can Epididymitis be caused from

It can be caused from chlamydia gonorrhoea

Lifestyle and environmental factors affecting fertility

• Alcohol

• Smoking

• Obesity

• Drug usage

• Diet

• Pollution

• Exposure to toxins

• Excessive heat

How can having cancer affect someone emotionally

• Change in family dynamics

• Scary, fear, anxiety

• Changes in self perception

• Relationship challenges

• Depression, grief

How can having cancer affect someone financially

• Treatment costs

• Loss of income - might not be able to work

• Debt and financial strait

How can having cancer affect someone financially socialy

• Social isolation

• Impact on relationships

• Changes in family dynamic

• Changes in work and social roles

APGAR - A

A - appearance

this is an evaluation of the baby's skin tone/colour when born - blue, purple (cyanotic) =bad - heart maybe not pumping efficiently

APGAR - P

P - pulse

the medical team records the heart rate of the baby

APGAR - G

G - grimace

the medical team notes how well the baby responds to stimulus

APGAR - A

A- activity (muscle tone)

the medical notes the babys muscle tone/activity level

APGAR - R

R - respiration

medical team notes babys breathing ability

Common causes of post partum depression

• New demands of motherhood

• Change in lifestyle

• Sleep deprivation

• Hormonal changes

• Phycological factors

• Past experiences

• Physical demands of motherhood and birth

Benefits of APGAR testing

Disadvantages of APGAR testing

• Gives a immediate indicator of newborns health

• Identification of baby's needing immediate care

• Standardised method of reporting newborns health

Disadvantages of APGAR testing

• Very broad

• Not inclusive of all skin colours

• Not a predictor of long term conditions

• Can be affected by various factors

Testicular cancer

 

The growth of a cancerous tumour in one or both testicles, it begins in the testicles which produce sperm and testosterone.

Testicular cancer - symptoms

• Heaviness or discomfort in scrotum

• Lump or swelling in testicle

• Dull ache in abdomen or groin

Why would induction be needed

• Potential risk for mother or baby

• Post -term pregnancy

• Ruptured membrane

• Fetal or maternal health concerns

Surgical abortion

• Trimester 1: removes the lining and contents of the uterus through suction

  • Takes around 15 mins, aesthetic can be administered

• Trimester 2: similar process except no suction

  • Medical tools used instead

Surgical abortion - trimester 1

• removes the lining and contents of the uterus through suction

  • Takes around 15 mins, aesthetic can be administered

Surgical abortion - trimester 2

• similar process except no suction

  • Medical tools used

Gene therapy - how

• Replacing faulty genes - healthy copy introduced to replace the faulty copy

• Editing existence genes - gene editing tools are used to precisely change the DNA within cells

• Introducing new genes - a new gene is added to the cell to compensate for a missing or faulty one

Replacing faulty genes

healthy copy introduced to replace the faulty copy

Editing existence genes

gene editing tools are used to precisely change the DNA within cells

Introducing new genes

a new gene is added to the cell to compensate for a missing or faulty one

Germline gene therapy

Alters the genes in reproductive cells (sperm or egg cells) which could affect future generations

Reproductive cloning

Produces a whole copy of an animal/organism

Legal rights of surrogate

They have the right to manage their pregnancy and birth as they see fit

• The surrogate is considered the Childs mother at birth and if the intended parents decide not to take the child for whatever reason then the surrogate is responsible for the Childs care

symptoms of prostate cancer

• Urinary problems

• Erectile dysfunction

• Blood in urine or semen

• Pain or stiffness - in hips, lower back or upper thighs (if it has spread)

• Shortness of breath

symptoms of Testicular cancer

• Lump or swelling in testicle

• Feeling of heaviness in scrotum

• Dull ache in lower abdomen or groin

• Pain or discomfort in the testicle

Causes of testicular cancer

• Family history

• Prior testicular cancer

• Abnormal testicular development

• Ethnicity

• Hereditary

• Prior testicular cancer

Causes of prostate cancer

• Age

• Family history

• Ethnicity

• Obesity

• Genetics

• Hormones

• Diet

Contractions

Tightening and relaxing of uterus muscles during labour, pushing baby down and opening the cervix (dilation)

what do contractions do

• Dilation

• Effacement

• Pushing the baby

Why does endometriosis cause pain during menstruation and how is this different from normal menstruation

• Causes pain due to abnormal growth of endometrial like tissue outside of the uterus that sheds every month alongside the uterus

• Trapped bleeding

• Inflammation - this is a reaction to the trapped bleeding

• Nerve involvement - growth near or close to nerves

• Scar tissue and adhesions caused by abnormal growths

How does endo affect the menstrual cycle

• Causes severe pain - each cycle the abnormal growth thickness and bleeds but it dose not have a way of exciting - leading to inflammation, irritation and scar tissue 

• Irregular cycles

• Fertility issues - due to blocked tubes and affects egg quality

Challenges of surrogacy on surrogate

Physiological - emotional attachment to the baby - depression

Physical - possible pregnancy complications

Stigmas surrounding surrogacy - affects relationships

Baby blues

• is emotions and will go away after first few weeks

  • More mild

  • Sadness, tearful - more feelings

Postpartum depression

•  is due to hormonal changes and is more servere and long lastings

  • Affects mothers ability to care for baby

  • Needs (usually) professional help

testicular cancer - who is at risk

most common cancer in young men specifically ages 15 to 35

prostate cancer - who is at risk

most commonly diagnosed in men who are ages over 50 with the average age or around 70

c section recovery

• Surgical incision

• Hospital stay

• Pain management

• Risk of complications

• Anaesthesia

• While till able to lift up heavy things

Recovery from a c-section is generally longer than a vaginal birth

natrual birth recovery

• Prerenal healing

  • Tear or stiches

• Typically quicker than c-section to return to exercise