oxygenation

DASH diet

A dietary approach to stop hypertension, emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy.

Pack year history

A way to quantify smoking history, calculated by multiplying the number of packs smoked per day by the number of years smoked.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and bone.

Hypoxia

A condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.

Hypoxemia

A condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood.

Myocardial ischemia

A temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart muscle, often causing angina.

Myocardial infarction

A heart attack; a condition where blood flow to the heart is blocked for an extended period, causing damage.

Angina

Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough blood.

Pulmonary function tests

Tests that measure lung function, including how much air you can inhale and exhale.

Crackles (lung sounds)

Abnormal lung sounds that resemble popping or bubbling, often indicating fluid in the airways.

Wheezing

A high-pitched sound made while breathing, indicative of narrowing airways, commonly associated with asthma.

Rhonchi

Low-pitched, continuous lung sounds, often caused by air moving through mucus-blocked airways.

Adventitious lung sounds

Abnormal lung sounds that indicate respiratory problems.

ABG (arterial blood gas) interpretation

The process of analyzing blood to assess lung function and the body’s acid-base balance.

Supplemental oxygen

Additional oxygen provided to patients who are unable to maintain adequate oxygen levels.

Incentive spirometer

A device used to help patients improve the functioning of their lungs by encouraging deep breaths.

Apical pulse

The heartbeat that is heard at the apex of the heart, typically measured with a stethoscope.

Jugular vein distension (JVD)

Swelling of the jugular veins often indicative of right-sided heart failure.

Venturi mask

A type of mask that delivers a precise concentration of oxygen.

Chest tube

A flexible plastic tube placed in the chest to drain air, fluid, or pus and allow the lungs to expand.

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult.

Cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels.

Atelectasis

Partial or complete collapse of the lung or lobe of the lung.

Non-invasive ventilation

Assisted ventilation without the use of an artificial airway, such as CPAP or BiPAP.