The Age of Exploration and the Scientific Revolution (Test Two) - Modern World History

Why did the scientific revolution happen?

The plague made people lose faith in the church, and therefore they started to question the teachings of the church and started to want to understand things through a scientific process. Humanism incites people to continue to understand the world around them.

What fields of science were there discoveries during this era?

Astronomy, chemistry, philosophy, physics, medicine

What did people believe in astronomy until the 1500s?

They accepted the Ptolemaic, geocentric model, which means that the Earth was at the center of the universe. This also coincided with the Christian belief that as God's greatest creation, everything should be about us.

Who came up with the heliocentric model, and what was it?

The sun is at the center of our solar system, Earth is one of many revolving planets.

Did people initially accept the heliocentric model?

No, and they called Copernicus a heretic because it was against church teachings.

What were the effects of Copernicus being right?

People were questioning everything that we knew about science because if Copernicus was right about something this big, what else was he right about?

Who was Tycho Brahe?

Studied universe and Copernican model, but died before his results which supported Copernicus were published.

Who ended up publishing Brahe's work?

Johannes Kepler

What were Kepler's three principles of planetary motion?

Planets have elliptical orbits, not circular. (Law of Orbits) A planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time at any place in its orbit. (Law of Areas) Clear relationship between a planet's orbital speed and distance from the sun (Law of Periods).

What are two effects of the boom in scientific discovery?

Laws are created and proven by math, many go against church teaching, so belief in the church declines

Describe what Galileo Galilei did.

Designed the first telescope, found and named many things in the universe. Proves Kepler and Copernicus correct. He created the "Law of Falling Bodies" which states that if bodies have the same mass, in the absence of air resistance, all bodies fall with the same acceleration, independent of their mass.

What punishments did Galileo face because of this?

Threatened with excommunication. Put on trial. Forced into house arrest until he recants findings that contradict church. Did not leave his house again, bitter and unhappy death. Pardoned in 1992.

How do the age of discovery and the Scientific Revolution go hand in hand?

With all of these new discoveries, people wanted to learn and understand more, including they wanted to learn what was outside of the European continent.

Who was Huygens?

Dutch mathematician who studied physics and astronomy. Calculated numbers for laws of reflections and refractions, and proposed that light acted as waves. Huygens Principle: every point on a wavefront is itself the source of spherical wavelets, and the secondary wavelets emanating from different points mutually interfere. The sum of these spherical wavelets forms a new wavefront. Invented the pendulum clock.

Who was Descartes?

He was a mathematician and philosopher. He created the mind-body problem by proposing the question: Am I a mind with a body or a body with a mind? He used deductive reasoning which uses observations to create a theory. Additionally, his most famous quote was "I think, therefore I am," which he said that because he had doubt, he had to be a logical, reasoning being. He also created the coordinate plane (Cartesian Coordinate Plane).

Who was Sir Francis Bacon?

He was an English scientist and philosopher. He helped to create the original scientific method, and he used inductive reasoning which creates inferences based off of observations.

Who was Leeuwenhoek?

Considered the father of microbiology, he helped make the microscope much better and found protists and other microorganisms.

Who was Gilbert?

English scientist who was a man of science during Elizabeth's reign. He discovered the magnetism of the Earth and the compass's direction which reacts to the Earth's poles. He found that magnetic North and true North are different.

Who was Lavoisier?

He helped to discover the Law of Conservation of Mass and is labeled the "Father of Modern Chemistry." Concluded water was a compound, not an element.

Who was Vesalius?

He was in the field of anatomy and surgery. He was the first to discover true human anatomy. He made the first anatomy textbook and was a top surgeon at the time.

Who was Boyle?

Irish chemist who proposed that the volume of gas decreases with increasing pressure, and therefore theorized that the two are inversely related. (Boyle's Law) He discovered properties of air.

Who was Harvey?

Discovered blood circulation and the way blood flows through the body. He proved that blood constantly circulates and comes from the heart. He also discovered one-way valves. Considered the father of cardiac surgery and paved the way for transplants and artificial hearts.

Who was Newton?

English mathematician and physicist. Helps discover gravity, three laws of motion (f=ma, object in motion stays in motion, equal and opposite reaction). He was fundamental to modern physics

Why did spices become popular in Europe during the renaissance?

To make food taste better, to make preserved food taste better, there was more money able to buy spices.

Why did people sell spices?

To make more money, however European businessmen wanted to be more efficient and cut out the middleman

What inventions paved the way for the Age of Exploration to occur?

Sailing improvements (rutters, triangular sails, tacking), magnetic compass, the astrolabe and sextant, maps (mercator projection)

What were the ships used in the AOE?

Caravel ships, which had huge triangular sails, and the ability to weather storms. They could haul huge amounts of materials.

Who was the first exploring power and why?

Portugal, because it was closest to the ocean, furthest from the spices coming from Italy, had just conquered land in Northern Africa. Prince Henry "The Navigator" encourages exploration and builds sailing schools.

Who was Bartholomew Diaz?

He was the first person to get around the horn of Africa, renamed "Cape of Storms" to "Cape of Good Hope." (Portuguese)

Who was Vasco de Gama?

Reaches India and sets up spice trade for Portugal. Portugal becomes the first European global power with a massive spice trade network.

Why did Christopher Columbus, an Italian, explore for Spain?

Spain wants to compete with Portugal, and Columbus proposes a new way to get to India.

Why does Columbus believe he can go west?

He doesn't know about North America, but he does know the globe is circular.

Who was Amerigo Vespucci?

He discovered mainland American mainland (Florida), and Columbus is very mad that America is named after Amerigo.

Who was Magellan?

Finds "Strait of Magellan" to get past the new world to the Pacific. Killed by natives in the Philippines, but the crew is the first to circumnavigate the world. Portuguese, but mostly sailed for Spain.

Why do countries shift to land colonization as well as the spice trade?

To find other raw materials such as gold, to get more land (Age of Imperialism), to convert Natives to catholicism

Who was Balboa?

Discovered the Pacific Ocean, Spanish, explored Panama

Who was Cabot?

Italian, but sailed for England, claimed Canada and Newfoundland for Britain, establishes British Transatlantic trade

Who was Hudson?

English, tried to go North to England twice, went to Canada and Hudson bay, strait and river are named after him. Attempted to find the Northwest Passage.

What was the northwest passage, and does it exist?

It was a river route through America to get to the Indies, and no, at least not efficiently.

Who was Pizzaro?

Spanish, founded Peru, destroyed Incan Empire, contributed to Spanish Dominance

Who was Cortez?

He was Spanish, went to Mexico for gold and to convert people to Catholicism. Destroyed Aztec Empire because they thought he was Quetzeqotl. It was a few hundred vs thousands.

Who was James Cook?

He was a British explorer, well educated, mapped Oceana coastline, explored Canada, Circumnavigated globe, British settlement of Australia and New Zealand. Found new species of plants.

Who was Vespucci?

Born Italian, sailed Spanish. Explored Mexico and N.A. Found mouth of Amazon river, sailed the tip of South America, responsible for calling it the new world. His third voyage was for Portugal.

Who was Cartier?

Found St. Laurance River, wanted Gold, Spices, and to find Northern Passage. Maps Southern Canada, claims CA for France, helped give Canada its name. Found great lakes.

What is Mercantilism?

This basically means that wealth and money gives countries national prestige. Wealth from spices, gold, silver and other commodities and land gives power.

What were Spanish governors in the New World Called?

Viceroys

What were people who converted natives to catholicism called?

Jesuits. They also taught natives how to be like Europeans, and forced them to assimilate.

How did Spain regulate the economy of the New World?

Colonists could only export commodities to Spain and could import items needed to Spain. Spain turned into a monopoly. Makes $$ off colonies

What is the "New law of the Indies?"

Forbade colonists from using native people as slaves. This is to quell uprisings and create "positive" relationships with the natives. People circumnavigated this by the Encomienda system. Demanded labor from natives in return for schooling, food, housing etc. Makes it hard to say no

Why does the slave trade begin?

There is worker shortage due to "new law of the Indies" and so they must important African Slaves to make up this discrepancy. Forced to till farms that use sugar, tobacco and cotton. The middle passage is created.

What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Granted land in what is now Brazil (the watershed of the Amazon river). Pope is intermediary between Spain and Portugal because he seems powerful and impartial.

What is the name of Britain's first settlement?

Jamestown (in Virginia) in 1607. Fails due to poor location, but natives do teach about tobacco (popular in Europe).

What is the name of the first successful British colonists?

The pilgrims, who arrived in Plymouth Mass for religious freedom. Not looking for commercial profit. Responsible for Thanksgiving.

What is the makeup of the 13 colonies (what were they established for)?

Southern more for business, Northern for more religious reasons. Slavery needed for labor in the South.

What is imperialism?

Overseas land that is for the purpose of benefiting the Mother country. Eventually colonists want more power, leads to revolutions.

What was the first European Country to surpass Italy in wealth and power?

Portugal

Who was leader of the Aztecs when they were captured?

Montezuma

Who was leader of Incan empire when it fell?

Atahualpa

Knowledge of the body contradict this Greek scientist's thoughts?

Galen

What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?

Ask a question, research, Hypothesis, experiment, analyze, conclude, share

Explain Colombian Exchange?

An exchange between N. Africa, Europe and new world of slaves and commodities.

Who was Ambroise Pare?

French doctor who helped with the discovery of prosthetics and battlefield medicine.

How did the reformation lead to exploration?

They wanted to spread Catholicism to new lands so that Catholicism was widespread, not protestantism

Name of Native People Columbus encountered, and who was the priest on board?

De las casas, and the Arawaks