Bio109Exam

autocrine chemical

acts upon the cell that secreted it

endocrine chemical

chemical is release from a secretory cell entering bloodstream

neuroendocrine chemical

chemical is released from a neuron entering the bloodstream

paracrine chemical

chemical acts upon neighboring cells

synaptic bloodstream

chemical is released from a neurons and acts upon neighboring cells

water soluble hormones receptor location

cell surface

lipid soluble hormones receptor location

inside

water soluble travel in the bloodstream

free traveling

lipid soluble travel in the bloodstream..

bound o a protein

water soluble hormones cell permeability

does not pass through

lipid soluble cell membrane permeability

passes through membrane

water soluble change gene expression

and/or change in enzyme activity

lipid soluable change in gene expression

only

Prothoraciotrphic hormone (PTTH) is involved in insect growth how

ecdysteroid + high JH = growth but stays young—ecdysteroid + Low JH = metamorphosis

Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) gland and function

anterior pituitary: functions, gametogenesis and follicle development

Luteinizing Hormone gland and function

anterior pituitary functions are ovulation and release of sex hormones

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) gland and main function

anterior pituitary functions of glucocorticoid/mineralocortioid release

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) gland and function

anterior pituitary function of releasing T3 and T4

Growth hormone (GH) gland and function

anterior pituitary functions of bone and muscle growth

prolactin (PRL) growth and function

anterior pituitary and function of milk production

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) gland and function

posterior pituitary function of water retention in the stomach

Oxytocin gland and hormone

posterior pituitary gland functions of milk release nad uterine contractions

Thyroid hormone (TH) gland and function

thyroid gland and metabolism

Calcitonin gland and function

thyroid and functions of reducing Ca2+ blood

what hormones exhibit positive feedback

oxytocin and estradiol

parathyroid hormone (PTH) gland and function

parathyroid gland which increases blood Ca2+

glucocorticoids gland and function

adrenal cortex gland increasing glucose in blood

mineralocorticoids gland and functions

adrenal cortex which function as Na+ reabsorption in kidneys

epinephrine and norepinephrine gland and function

adrenal medulla causes fight or flight responses

insulin gland and and function

pancreas function to decrease blood glucose

glucagon gland and function

acts in pancreas to increase blood glucose

estradiol gland and function

in the ovary functioning oocyte maturation and ovulation

progesterone gland and function

in the ovary to maintain pregnancy

testosterone gland and function

in the testes functioning spermatogenesis

Hashimoto’s disease: hyper or hypo

hypo

Hashimoto’s disease lead to weight gain or loss

gain

Hashimoto’s leads to high or low metabolism

low

Hashimoto’s disease; make you sensitive to cold

yes

Graves’ disease thyroidism hypo or hyper

hyper

Grave’s disease cause weight loss or gain

loss

Grave’s disease lead to high or low metabolism

high

Grave’s disease make you sensitive to cold?

no

Adrenal cortex location inside or outside

inside

tissue composition of adrenal cortex

endocrine

tissue composition to adrenal medulla

neural

location for adrenal medulla: inside or outside

outside

does adrenal cortex lead to short term or long term stress

long term

adrenal cortex stimulate H releases

ACTH

adrenal cortex produces

glucocorticoids

adrenal medulla cause short term or long term stress

short term

adrenal medulla stimulates which H release

nerve impulse

adrenal medulla produces which hormone

catecholamines

embryonic biopotential gonad will develop into ovaries if…

testosterone and AMH are absent

external fertilization characteristics

requires moist habitat, depends on timing of gametes release, produce lots of gametes

internal fertilization characteristics

requires behavioral interaction, needs compatible copulatory organs, provides greater parental care

spermatogenesis characteristics

starts at puberty, produces four sperm after meiosis, and doesn’t stop

Oogenesis characteristics

starts in utero, produces one egg after meiosis, and interruption and stops at menopause

If inhibin was unable to be secreted by Seroli cells how would FSH levels be effected

FSH levels may increase

ovarian cycle phases:

ovulation, luteal, follicular

uterine phase cycles

proliferative, secretory, menstrual flow

what happens during phase one of ovarian cycle

follicle is growing

what happens during phase two of ovarian cycle

spike of LH triggers ovulation

what happens during phase three of the ovarian cycle

corpus luteum is secreting estradiol and progesterone to maintain pregnancy

what is happening during phase one of the uterine cycle

estradiol stimulate endometrium thickening

what is happening during phase two of the uterine cycle

estradiol and progesterone stimulate endometrium thickening for preparing of embryo implantation

what is happening during phase three of the uterine cycle

shedding of endometrium if no implantation of embryo

Na+ and K+ maintain equilibrium

maintained by potassium pump using ATP energy hydrolysis to transport Na+ out of the cell and K+ inside

-70mV, -55mV, and +30mV represent what

resting potential at -70mV, threshold at -55mV, and peak of AP at +30mV

depolarization is what

opening of ion channels making membrane potential less negative,

hyperpolarization is what

makes membrane potential more negative

major properties of AP

triggered depolarization reaching threshold, magnitude is independent of what triggered it, all or none, moves down axon in one direction, regenerate along axon, form at nodes of Ranvier, concudtion velocity affected by axon diameter and insulation

how would the heart relate be effected by inhibitors preventing postganglionic release

decrease the heart rate

astrocytes function

form blood brain barrier

ependymal cells function

circulate CSF

microglia functions

immunity

obligodendrocytes function

form myelin sheaths

The___ separate the left and right hemispheres but the ____ connects them

longitudinal fissure; corpus callosum

Injury to the medulla oblongata and pons would affect

breathing

which structure primarily function as a relay station for sensory and motor information

thalamus

sensory overload (sensitive to sigh, sound, etc) may indicate damage to the___

reticular formation

Broca’s role in speech

speaking words

Wernicke’s areas role in speech

hearing words

prefrontal cortex role in speech

generating words

visual cortex role in speech

speaking words