Life Span Development - Test-bank Final Review

What is meant when researchers say that children develop their knowledge and understanding about the world in a similar way to how science is conducted?

Children create predictions about what's happening, test their predictions, establish conclusions, and repeat as they learn new information, similar to the scientific method.

Which of the following is NOT a type of parenting according to Diane Baumrind and colleagues?

authoritive

Lev Vygotsky suggested a social constructivist theory in which children construct their own knowledge with the help of other people who "scaffold" their learning process.

True

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shown by adults who had an avoidant attachment to their caregiver when they were young?

Relying on groups of people

Cognitive decline reduces fluid intelligence capacities, and while not all of the causes are known, theories propose that reduced reserve capacity and general slowing of information processing play a critical role.

True

According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills?

Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

Which of the following is not a cause of cognitive aging in older adults?

Comparatively improved cognitive ability in younger generations

Which is not one of the stages proposed by Piaget?

Stage of physical operations

Jenny is at the zoo with her family. She points to each animal and says "doggie." This illustrates:

overextension

What is the difference between rank-order and mean-level personality change? (select all that apply)

Mean-level change = change in group average; rank-order change = change in individual's rank within group

Mean-level change pertains to the group; rank-order change pertains to the individual

In the study about sexual identity development in gay and lesbian adolescents, what was the best predictor of timing of first homosexual activity?

Whether the adolescent had same-sex activity first of same-sex labeling first

Humans take sensory input via their sensory organs. If a person is paying attention, s/he will commit the information to short-term memory first, and for extremely important information possibly even encode it into long-term memory.

True

According to one large meta-analysis of 152 studies, it was determined that personality is set in stone in after adolescence.

False

Which of the following does not describe a child's goal orientation at school?

Teacher-oriented

As people age, they get better at knowing what works best for them, who they enjoy and which activities they like. All this makes them more and more like themselves.

True

Goodness of fit refers to

How well a child's temperament matches the environmental demands

While gender roles are expectations set in society, much evidence across cultures shows that boys and girls tend to separate themselves as children. The roots for this lay in some biological differences in temperament and in human behavioral evolution.

True

What are social emotions that require at least basic self-awareness?

pride, shame, guilt

Which is not one of the three major considerations in optimization of goal choice?

Can the goal be made easier if it's too hard?

Our social relationships have a great effect on us because we learn from others and gain emotional benefits from close social partners.

True

Research about the ability of infants to distinguish human speech sounds indicates that:

infants gradually come to distinguish best the speech sounds of the language spoken around them.

Which of the following describes the "individual reference norm"?

Comparisons of the same person at different times

Which of the following BEST characterizes cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?

Children construct their own understandings about how the world works.

The two constructs of self and identity have some overlap, but are also distinct and have been studied in different ways.

True

Ilene has difficulty negotiating steps and street curbs. She is having a problem with:

depth perception

Speed of processing

First increases then decreases

Well-developed gross motor skills allow infants to become more independent. Independence is important because it:

allows more and different kinds of interactions with the environment.

During the transition into middle or junior high school

extrinsic motivation increases, while intrinsic motivation decreases

Regarding whether responsive mothers are more likely to have babies who cry less, it was observed that:

1. More responsive mothers had less crying in infants.

2. Less responsive mothers had more crying in infants.

3. More crying in infants had less responsive mothers.

4. Less crying in infants had more responsive mothers.

Which of the following indicates the highest performance potential?

Developmental reserve capacity

Children earn a sense of achievement and motivation by feeling pride in themselves for completing tasks, and also from the comparisons they make to themselves at earlier times and to others in what they can and cannot do.

True

Young girls tend not to like playing with boys because they don't like the way boys are boisterous and do not listen when talked to.

True

Choosing to continue pursuing a goal and not disengage from it is always a positive thing.

False

Ruth Kanfer and colleagues looked at the interplay of all EXCEPT which of the following goals?

Goals at retirement

In most developed countries, average career working age ranges from:

Early 20s to mid 60s

Older adults with __________ experience the most decline in health and functioning.

both vision and hearing loss

Baby Chloe startles when she hears a loud sound. She arches her back, throws back her head, and flings out her arms. Which reflex is she demonstrating?

Moro

Jean Piaget suggested a constructivist theory in which children actively develop mental models as they explore and experience new things.

True

When a 7-year-old tries to retrieve something that happened three years ago from long-term memory, they will often fail because...

A 7-year old's understanding of objects and events is very different from their understanding when they were 4 years old.

Which of the following is one of the lines of defense for older adults to avoid negative emotional experiences?

Trying to change a situation for the better (situation modification)

A 20-month-old child is able to climb stairs by crawling up them. She is able to walk up the stairs if she holds onto her mother's hands. Which of the following behaviors demonstrates the upper-level of this child's zone of proximal development?

Walk up the stairs if she holds onto her mother's hands

While infants may experience many emotions and have trouble regulating them at first, older adults will likely feel emotions less strongly, but have more trouble regulating them when they are strong.

True

Modern constructivist approaches such as those from Alison Gopnick and Robert Siegler take some parts of previous approaches and improve upon them with new insights and explanations.

True

Among the criticisms of Erikson's stage theory is:

It is too rooted in Western European contexts

Different career paths provide different levels of engagement and accomplishment, but also require different levels of education to get started, different levels of practice to achieve mastery, and may lead to different ages of retirement.

True

An interactionist view of language emphasizes that:

both biology and experience contribute to language development.

The pattern of attachment shown by an infant with their primary caregiver is related to how they will react as an adult.

True

Researchers have assessed young children's self-awareness by using

A blank and mirror test

Which is NOT a theory talked about in the video lecture that views social context as a primary influencing factor for gender?

Social Gender Theory

At what age do most humans start sex-related activities?

as early as childhood

The Motivational Theory of Lifespan Development proposes that people strive to maintain and expand control over their environment and lives, which is accomplished by choosing good goals and knowing when to pursue or disengage from them.

True

A person's sexual activity evolves throughout the life span in response to many different contributing factors such as age, physiological changes, and the demands of everyday life.

True

A mature self-understanding

Allows for contradictions and fluctuations

What did Vygotsky describe as "private speech"?

Children talking to themselves to guide themselves through a tricky activity.

True/False: According to Robert Siegler's Overlapping Waves Model, children develop a new strategy for a task, and once they've confirmed it works, they exclusively use it in the future.

False

Peak physical performance usually occurs during:

the 20s

Regarding whether responsive mothers are more likely to have babies who cry less, it was observed that:

1.More responsive mothers had less crying in infants.

2.Less responsive mothers had more crying in infants.

3.More crying in infants had less responsive mothers.

4.Less crying in infants had more responsive mothers.

the two constructs of self and identity have some overlap, but are also distinct and have been studied in different ways.

True

which of the following is one of the lines of defense for older adults to avoid negative emotional experience?

trying to change a situation for the better (situation modification)