ABPSYCH and Case Studies

From Quizlet

What are the 4 D's of abnormal behavior?

Mnemonic: "The 4 D's: Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger"

• Deviance: Violation of societal norms.

• Distress: Personal suffering or discomfort.

• Dysfunction: Interference with daily functioning.

• Danger: Potential harm to self or others.

Define 'Mental Disorder' according to DSM-5-TR.

A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior, indicating dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes.

Identify the three historical models of abnormal psychology.

Mnemonic: "Super So Psyched!"

• Supernatural: Attribution to demonic possession or divine displeasure.

• Somatogenic: Physical causes like brain abnormalities or imbalances.

• Psychogenic: Psychological origins, such as trauma or maladaptive thoughts.

List common research methods in psychopathology.

Mnemonic: "Can Nice Scientists Conduct Experiments?"

• Case Studies

• Naturalistic Observations

• Surveys

• Correlational Studies

• Experiments.

What are the primary classification systems for mental disorders?

• DSM-5-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA, 2022).

• ICD-11: International Classification of Diseases (WHO).

Define key epidemiological terms. PIC CEP

Prevalence: Percentage of a population with a disorder.

Incidence: Number of new cases in a specific time frame.

Comorbidity: Co-occurrence of multiple disorders.

Course: Pattern of development (e.g., acute, chronic).

Etiology: Study of causes or origins of disorders.

Prognosis: Expected outcome or progression of a disorder.

Differentiate types of stigma associated with mental illness. PSI = public, self and institutional

Public Stigma: Societal disapproval and stereotypes.

Self-Stigma: Internalized shame or guilt.

Institutional Stigma: Systemic barriers to care, like inadequate funding.

Who are the primary mental health professionals?

• Clinical Psychologists: PhD/PsyD holders; typically cannot prescribe medication.

• Psychiatrists: MDs; can prescribe medication.

• Counselors/Therapists: Master's level practitioners.

• Social Workers: Focus on systemic issues and advocacy.

• Peer Specialists/Case Managers: Provide support and coordinate care.

Why study abnormal psychology?

• To understand oneself and others.

• Reduce stigma surrounding mental health.

• Identify early signs of dysfunction.

• Enhance empathy and professional competence.

How does cultural relativism impact the definition of 'abnormal'?

Behaviors considered abnormal in one culture may be typical in another. For example, communicating with ancestors may be viewed as pathological in some societies but spiritual in others.

What distinguishes uni-dimensional from multi-dimensional models in psychopathology?

Uni-dimensional models attribute mental disorders to a single cause (e.g., trauma), whereas multi-dimensional models consider multiple interacting factors (e.g., biology, environment, cognition).

What are the key components of the biological model of psychopathology?

Genetics, brain structures (amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex), neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, GABA, norepinephrine), and treatments like psychotropic medications and ECT.

Mnemonic: "Neuro-BIO: Neurotransmitters, Brain structures, Infections, Other biological factors"

What does the psychodynamic model focus on?

Unconscious conflicts, childhood experiences, and defense mechanisms.

How does the behavioral model explain abnormal behavior? ABC of behavior

Through learning processes: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.

Mnemonic: "ABC of behavior: Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence"

What is the focus of the cognitive model in psychopathology?

Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs influencing emotions and behaviors.

Mnemonic: "Cognitive TRIAD: Negative views of self, world, and future"

What principles underlie the humanistic/existential model?

Emphasis on personal growth, self-actualization, and finding meaning in life.

Mnemonic: "REAL: Responsibility, Empathy, Authenticity, Love"

How does the sociocultural model explain mental disorders?

By considering societal and cultural factors like race, gender, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms.

Mnemonic: "CULTURE: Class, Urbanization, Language, Traditions, Unemployment, Racism, Environment"

What psychological themes are explored in "The Yellow Wallpaper"?

The impact of medical paternalism, the rest cure's effect on mental health(used to be common for hysteria), and the symbolism of the wallpaper representing entrapment and identity loss.

Mnemonic: "WALL: Women's autonomy, Authoritative medicine, Loss of self, Locked in"

What is the purpose of clinical assessment in psychology?

To gather and integrate data about an individual to understand and treat psychological problems, determine if a disorder is present, guide treatment selection, and evaluate treatment effectiveness.

• Mnemonic: AIM - Assess, Integrate, Monitor

What are the primary methods of assessment in clinical psychology? OPTIC

Observation

Clinical Interview

Psychological Tests (e.g., WAIS, MMPI)

Personality Inventories (e.g., BDI)

Neurological Tests (e.g., PET, MRI, CT)

Physical Exams

Behavioural Assessments.

Mnemonic: OPTIC - Observation, Psychological tests, Interviews, Clinical exams

What is the role of clinical diagnosis? DATA

Uses assessment data to determine if symptoms align with diagnostic criteria from classification systems.

Mnemonic: DATA - Diagnose, Align, Treat, Assess

What are the key classification systems in psychology?

DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases).

• Mnemonic: DIS - DSM and ICD Systems

What are some features of DSM-5-TR? CSPD

Diagnostic Criteria & Descriptors, Subtypes & Specifiers, Principal Diagnosis, Provisional Diagnosis, Categories of Disorders.

• Mnemonic: CSPD - Criteria, Subtypes, Principal, Provisional

What is psychotherapy and its types? BCHP

Application of scientifically validated techniques to treat mental illness, including Behavioral, Cognitive/CBT, Humanistic, Psychodynamic, Couples/Family, and Biological treatments.

Mnemonic: BCHP - Behavioral, Cognitive, Humanistic, Psychodynamic

What characterizes a successful client-therapist relationship? TRUST

Collaborative, based on mutual trust, goals, and a supportive environment.

• Mnemonic: TRUST - Trust, Respect, Understanding, Support, Teamwork

What factors contribute to the effectiveness of psychotherapy? FIT

Fit between treatment and client problem, therapist's competence, client's values, preferences, and culture.

• Mnemonic: FIT - Fit, Individual values, Therapist competence

What are the two main categories of mood disorders? DB

Depressive Disorders (no mania) and Bipolar and Related Disorders (includes mania or hypomania).

• Mnemonic: "DB = Depressive, Bipolar"

What are the key criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)? SIG E. CAPS

5 or more symptoms for at least 2 weeks; one must be depressed mood or anhedonia.

• Mnemonic: "SIGECAPS" - Sleep disturbance, Interest loss, Guilt/worthlessness, Energy loss, Concentration issues, Appetite change, Psychomotor agitation/retardation, Suicidal thoughts

What defines Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)? ACHEWS

Chronic, low-grade depression lasting at least 2 years (1 year for children/adolescents) with at least two additional symptoms.

• Mnemonic: "ACHEWS" - Appetite disturbance, Concentration difficulty, Hopelessness, Energy loss, Worthlessness, Sleep disturbance

What characterizes Bipolar I Disorder? DIG FAST

At least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or depressive episodes.

Mnemonic: "DIG FAST" - Distractibility, Indiscretion, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, Activity increase, Sleep deficit, Talkativeness

What characterizes Bipolar II Disorder?

At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode; no full manic episodes.

Mnemonic: "Hypo = Half (less severe than full mania)"

What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

Chronic, fluctuating mood disorder with periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full criteria for episodes, lasting at least 2 years.

Mnemonic: "Cycle of highs and lows"

What are biological factors contributing to mood disorders? GNB

Genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances (e.g., serotonin, dopamine), brain structure differences.

Mnemonic: "GNB: Genetics, Neurotransmitters, Brain structure"

What are cognitive factors in mood disorders?

Negative schemas, and beliefs about oneself and the world.

Mnemonic: NC - Negative Cognition

What are behavioural factors in mood disorders?

Learned helplessness, reduced reinforcement.

Mnemonic: "LH = Learned Helplessness"

What are sociocultural factors in mood disorders?

Gender roles, cultural stigma, family environment

Mnemonic: "GCF: Gender, Culture, Family"

What is the goal of CBT in treating depression? ABC

To identify, challenge, and replace negative automatic thoughts and core beliefs with more balanced, realistic ones.

Mnemonic: "ABC" - Activity scheduling, Behavioral experiments, Cognitive restructuring

What is the focus of Behavioral Activation (BA)?

To increase engagement in positively reinforcing activities to improve mood.

Mnemonic: "Activate Positivity"

What is the goal of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)?

To improve interpersonal functioning and reduce symptoms by addressing role disputes, role transitions, grief, or interpersonal deficits.

Mnemonic: "IPT: Interpersonal Problems Targeted"