APUSH CH 14 Civil War

Abraham Lincoln

Elected president in 1860; opposed secession.

Southern nationalism

Belief in a distinct Southern civilization.

Fire-eaters

Militant Southern leaders advocating for secession.

South Carolina

First state to secede on December 20, 1860.

Secession

Withdrawal of Southern states from the Union.

Special convention

Meeting for South Carolina to vote on secession.

Confederate States of America

Nation formed by seceded states in February 1861.

James Buchanan

President before Lincoln; opposed secession but inactive.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort; site of first Civil War battle.

Robert Anderson

Union Major who commanded Fort Sumter.

Bombardment of Fort Sumter

April 12-13, 1861; marked Civil War's beginning.

Fort Pickens

Federal fort in Florida; remained under Union control.

Montgomery, Alabama

Location where Confederate States were established.

Union property

Federal assets in seceded states Lincoln aimed to protect.

Civil War

Conflict between Union and Confederate states.

Commissioners

Sent by South Carolina to demand Fort Sumter's surrender.

Dwindling supplies

Condition faced by Anderson at Fort Sumter.

Limited action

Buchanan's response to secession and Fort Sumter.

Eleven states

Total number of states that seceded from the Union.

Incompatible civilization

Southern belief justifying their separation from the Union.

Federal government

Buchanan's view on its authority to stop secession.

Crittenden

Kentucky senator proposing compromise to prevent war.

Crittenden Compromise

Plan to resolve sectional disputes and preserve slavery.

Missouri Compromise Line

Boundary reestablished for slavery in new territories.

P.G.T. Beauregard

Confederate general who bombarded Fort Sumter.

Union Advantages

Larger population and advanced industrial capacity.

Confederacy Advantages

Defensive war with local support and shorter supply lines.

Republican Party

Lincoln's party opposing slavery expansion.

Homestead Act

Law granting 160 acres of land to citizens.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Legislation supporting public education through land sales.

Tariffs

Taxes on imports raised during the Civil War.

Transcontinental Railroad

Rail link connecting East and West, built during war.

Union Pacific Railroad Company

Company constructing western segment of transcontinental railroad.

Central Pacific Railroad Company

Company building eastern segment from California.

National Bank Acts

Established a national banking system and uniform currency.

Taxes

Levied on goods to finance the Civil War.

Greenbacks

Paper currency issued during the war, not gold-backed.

Bonds

Main war financing source, totaling $2.6 billion.

War Volunteers

Men who enlisted to fight for the Union.

National Draft Law

Law making young males eligible for military draft.

Conscription

Process of drafting men into military service.

Peace Democrats

Opponents of the war, also called Copperheads.

New York City Draft Riot

Violent protest against conscription in July 1863.

Lincoln's Constitutional Stretching

Use of presidential powers to preserve the Union.

Habeas Corpus

Legal right against unlawful detention, suspended by Lincoln.

Border States

Slave states remaining in the Union under pressure.

Martial Law

Military rule imposed on civilians during the war.

Vallandigham

Ohio Congressman and Copperhead, exiled for war opposition.

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice who issued a writ against Lincoln.

Ex parte Merryman

Case where Taney's writ was ignored by Lincoln.

Ex parte Milligan

1866 ruling against military trials in civil areas.

Matthew Brady

Photographer known for documenting Civil War sacrifices.

Election of 1864

Lincoln's reelection with 212 electoral votes.

Congressional Elections of 1862

Republicans lost heavily, showing political dissension.

Union Party

Coalition supporting the war in the 1864 election.

War Democrats

Democrats supporting the war, distinct from Peace Democrats.

Andrew Johnson

Vice president candidate from Union Party, opposed secession.

Copperhead

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War.

Peace Democrats

Faction opposing the war, contrasting with War Democrats.

Military Trials

Trials held by military courts, limited by Milligan ruling.

Electoral Votes

Votes cast by electors in presidential elections.

Coalition

Alliance of groups supporting a common cause.

Grim War Photographs

Brady's images depicting the war's harsh realities.

Northern Military Successes

Victories that aided Lincoln's 1864 election campaign.

Broad Coalition

Diverse groups uniting to support the war effort.

Supreme Court Defiance

Lincoln's refusal to comply with Taney's writ.

Civil Courts

Regular judicial courts, contrasted with military courts.

1866 Ruling

Supreme Court decision limiting military jurisdiction.

McClellan

Former Union general relieved by Lincoln.

Democratic nominee 1864

McClellan ran for president against Lincoln.

Atlanta

Captured city boosting Northern morale in 1864.

Radical Republicans

Faction advocating immediate abolition of slavery.

Thaddeus Stevens

Leader of Radical Republicans from Pennsylvania.

Charles Sumner

Massachusetts Senator advocating immediate abolition.

Benjamin Wade

Ohio Senator supporting immediate abolition measures.

Emancipation

Process of freeing enslaved people during Civil War.

Confiscation Acts

Laws freeing enslaved people aiding Confederacy.

Freedmen

Term for formerly enslaved individuals.

Battle of Antietam

Union victory prompting Emancipation Proclamation.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's 1863 order freeing Confederate enslaved people.

Contraband

Escaped enslaved people considered seized goods.

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in 1865.

54th Massachusetts Infantry

Famous African American regiment in Union Army.

Robert Gould Shaw

Commander of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry.

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Organization providing medical support during the war.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer mobilizing nurses for field hospitals.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Co-founder of National Woman's Loyal League.

Susan B. Anthony

Advocate for abolition and women's voting rights.

National Woman's Loyal League

Group promoting abolition and women's suffrage.

Clara Barton

Nurse who founded the American Red Cross.

Confederate Constitutional Convention

Created a constitution protecting slavery and state sovereignty.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America.

Vice President of the Confederate States

Second highest official in the Confederate government.

Confederate taxes

Income tax enacted in 1863, paid with produce.

Confederate bonds

Debt securities issued, lost public trust.

Confederate money

Paper currency with 9,000% inflation during war.

Confederate Conscription Act

Draft law for white males aged 18-35.

States' rights

Doctrine promoting state authority over federal government.

Food draft

System allowing soldiers to seize crops from farms.

Blockade

Union naval strategy causing Southern supply shortages.