Stems

epicotyl

stem ABOVE cotyledon attachment

plumule

tip of embryo that develops shoot

hypocotyl

stem BELOW cotyledon attachment (develops first)

Radical

tip of embryo that develops root

3 primary meristems

Protoderm, procambium, ground meristem

protoderm

the outermost layer of cells in a plant embryo that gives rise to the epidermis. Primary tissue

pro-cambium

a type of meristematic tissue that develops into vascular tissues, specifically xylem and phloem.

ground meristem

the meristematic tissue that produces ground tissues, including parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, produces cortex, pith, or ground tissue

leaf veins

the vascular structures in leaves that transport water, nutrients, and sugars.

sessile leaves

Leaves that are attached directly to the stem without a petiole, often broad and flat. No branch attached

apical buds

The growing tips of stems and roots that are responsible for the vertical growth of the plant. (youngest)

axillary buds

angle where node is located, leaf armpit

tissues of herbaceous stems (largely primary)

epidermis/outer layer (cuticle, trichomes, stomata), cortex/pith, vascular bundles

eustele (herbaceous dicots)

A type of vascular tissue arrangement in which vascular bundles are arranged in a CIRCLE, allowing for secondary growth in stems. likely to include VASCULAR Cambium and CORK cambium

atactostele

a type of vascular tissues in which vascular bundles are SCATTERED throughout the stem. monocots stems have no vascular and cork( no wood or bark)

Secondary xylem

-increase plants girth

-include bark, secondary phloem, and wood

-allows to grow sturdier and taller

annual rings

early wood & late wood

lenticels

raised and localize areas of loose packed cells

laticifers

latex-secreting cells originating from meristems

example: rubber, chewing gum, some drugs obtained from latex

girdling

kills trees when vascular cambium is removed ( sharp tool around tree)

dendrochronology

study of growth rings and interpreting history, increment borer

BELOW ground modifications

Rhizome

corme

stolon

bulb

rhizomes

fleshy creeping underground stems

EX; ginger

corms

short, thickened stem, usually covered with papery leaves,

EX; gladiolus

stolons

slender stems that grow horizontally

(runner)

tuber

enlarged tip of stolon that stores starch

bulbs

large bubs surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves with a small stem at the lower end

store food

EX: onions, lilies,hyacinths, tulips

ABOVE ground modifications

cladophylls

thorns

spine

prickles

tendril

cladophylls

flattened leaf like stems

EX: greenbriars, asparagus, some orchids, prickly pear cactus

prickles

epidermal outgrowths of bark

ex: rose

tendril

slender sensitive structures of many climbing plants that support the plant

modified stems, leaves, roots

human relevance of stems

sugar ( sugar cane)

medicine

spice

lumber, dyes

FOOD