Review for Next Week Test: Antibiotics, Diuretics, Antihypertensives, Antiarrhythmics, Ulcers, and Statins

VOCABULARY flashcards based on the provided lecture notes.

Antibiotics

Drugs used to treat bacterial infections; knowledge includes dosing and side effects.

Antibiotic Side Effects

Common adverse effects such as GI upset, rash, and allergic reactions.

Antibiotic Dosing

Prescribed amounts and schedules; requires understanding of tablet strengths.

Pill Calculation Example (500 mg)

If the dose is 500 mg and tablets are 250 mg, then 2 tablets are needed.

Minimum Effective Dose

Smallest dose that achieves the intended therapeutic effect.

500 mg Dose with 250 mg Tablets

Two tablets are required to reach 500 mg.

1000 mg Dose with 250 mg Tablets

Four tablets are required to reach 1000 mg.

Lasix

Brand name for furosemide, a loop diuretic used to remove excess fluid.

Furosemide

Loop diuretic used to treat edema and hypertension.

Loop Diuretic

Diuretic that acts on the loop of Henle to promote diuresis.

Indications for Lasix

Edema, heart failure, and fluid overload situations.

Lasix Side Effects

Dizziness, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances.

Hypokalemia

Low potassium; risk with loop diuretics.

Hyponatremia

Low sodium; possible with diuretic use.

Diuretic Teaching

Education on dosing, monitoring, and signs of electrolyte issues.

Antihypertensives

Drugs that lower blood pressure across several classes.

Beta Blocker

Drugs that block beta-adrenergic receptors to reduce heart rate and BP.

Calcium Channel Blocker

Drugs that block calcium entry into cells to lower BP and rate.

Calcium Channel Blocker Side Effects

Edema, bradycardia, constipation (e.g., verapamil).

Beta Blocker Side Effects

Fatigue, bradycardia, sexual side effects.

Diltiazem

Calcium channel blocker used for rate control in atrial fibrillation.

Metoprolol

Beta blocker used for hypertension and rate control.

Atrial Fibrillation

Irregular heart rhythm; often requires rate-control therapy.

Rate Control in A Fib

Achieved with beta blockers and calcium channel blockers.

Beta Blockers for A Fib

Used to control heart rate in A fib (example: metoprolol).

Nitrates

Vasodilators used to relieve angina.

Nitrates for Angina

Nitrates dilate vessels to reduce myocardial oxygen demand.

Calcium Channel Blockers for Arrhythmias

Some CCBs help with rate control in arrhythmias.

Antiarrhythmics

Medications used to treat abnormal heart rhythms.

Arrhythmia Medication Focus

Emphasis on beta blockers and calcium channel blockers for rhythm/rate control.

Diltiazem for A Fib

Diltiazem used to slow AV conduction in A fib.

Metoprolol for A Fib

Metoprolol used to control rate in A fib.

Anaphylaxis

Severe, rapid-onset allergic reaction.

Anaphylactic Shock Signs

Hypotension, airway compromise, wheezing, hives.

Anaphylaxis Treatment

Epinephrine, airway support, IV fluids, monitoring.

Anaphylaxis Signs and Symptoms

Hives, swelling, breathing difficulties, low BP.

Patients at Risk for Anaphylaxis

Individuals with allergies or prior exposures to triggers.

Major Antibiotic Side Effects

Severe reactions such as anaphylaxis or severe diarrhea.

GI Medications for Ulcers

Drugs to treat ulcers including PPIs and H2 blockers.

Medications for Ulcers

Proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers primarily.

Side Effects of Ulcer Medications

Headache, GI upset, or constipation; long-term PPI concerns exist.

Ulcers: Stomach Upset

General gastric discomfort.

Ulcers: Nausea

Nausea related to ulcers or gastritis.

Ulcer Medications: Sucralfate

Barrier-forming agent that protects ulcers.

Statins

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to lower cholesterol.

Crestor

Brand name for rosuvastatin.

Rosuvastatin

Rosuvastatin; a statin used to lower cholesterol.

Lipitor

Brand name for atorvastatin.

Atorvastatin

Statin used to reduce LDL cholesterol.

Statin Dosage: 10 mg

Typical starting dose for rosuvastatin or atorvastatin depending on drug.

Ten Milligrams

Strength of a tablet or dose.

Lipid-Lowering Therapy

Medications to reduce lipid levels and cardiovascular risk.

Statin Indications

Used to prevent atherosclerotic disease by lowering LDL.

Patient Education: Medications

What to tell patients about meds, side effects, and home use.

Medication Teaching

Instructions given to patients about how to take medications.

Side Effects to Watch For

Key adverse effects that warrant attention.

Home Instructions for Meds

Guidance for taking meds at home.

Adherence to Medications

Consistency in taking prescribed medications.

Study Guides Emphasis

Guides used to prepare for exams.

Group Q&A

A collaborative question-and-answer session during review.

Active Participation

Being engaged and answering questions in class.

Broad Spectrum Review

Coverage of antibiotics, diuretics, antihypertensives, antiarrhythmics, ulcers, statins.

Dosing Practice

Practice problems for calculating doses.

Medication Calculation Practice

Exercises transforming doses into pill counts.

500 mg Dose Calculation

Two 250 mg pills equals 500 mg.

1000 mg Dose Calculation

Four 250 mg pills equals 1000 mg.

2 x 500 mg Pill Calculation

Two 500 mg pills provide 1000 mg.

4 x 250 mg Pill Calculation

Four 250 mg pills provide 1000 mg.

Pill Strengths: 250 mg

A common strength used in dose calculations.

Pill Strengths: 500 mg

A common strength used in dose calculations.

Pill Strengths: 1000 mg

A higher strength used in dose calculations.

Dosing Flexibility

Adjusting dose based on tablet strength.

Group Study: Expectation

Participation and answering questions during the review.

Participation Policy

Students should actively participate for notes to be used.

Answering Questions

Providing correct information during review.

Gaps in Knowledge

Areas to focus on during study to avoid losing notes.

Educational Strategy

Using study guides and active participation to learn.

ACE Inhibitors

Class of antihypertensives that lower BP.

ARBs

Angiotensin II receptor blockers, a BP-lowering class.

Thiazide Diuretics

Diuretic class commonly used for hypertension.

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Diuretic class that conserves potassium.

ACE Inhibitor Side Effects

Common issues include cough and potential hyperkalemia.

ARB Side Effects

Similar to ACE inhibitors but without cough.

Lasix Dose Flexibility

Dose adjustments based on fluid status.

Epinephrine Dose in Anaphylaxis

First-line treatment dose for anaphylaxis.

Epinephrine Routes

IM or IV administration depending on severity.

Airway Management in Anaphylaxis

Ensure airway patency; escalate as needed.

Fluid Resuscitation in Anaphylaxis

IV fluids to support blood pressure.

BP Drop in Anaphylaxis

Hypotension is a hallmark sign.

Urgent Evaluation after Anaphylaxis

Immediate medical assessment and monitoring.

PPI Mechanism

Proton pump inhibitors block gastric acid secretion.

H2 Blocker Mechanism

H2 blockers reduce acid by blocking histamine receptors.

Sucralfate

Coats ulcers to protect mucosa and aid healing.

Ulcers: Epigastric Pain

Pain located in the upper abdomen.

Ulcers: Burning Sensation

Burning feeling in the stomach related to ulcers.

H2 Blockers Examples

Drugs like famotidine or ranitidine (H2 blockers).

PPI Examples

Omeprazole, pantoprazole, esomeprazole.

Statin Brand Names

Crestor and Lipitor are brand names for rosuvastatin and atorvastatin.

Statin Purpose

Lower cholesterol and reduce cardiovascular risk.

Statin Dosage Example

Starting doses like 10 mg depending on the drug.