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The salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas secrete ____________ enzymes to break down triglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol.
lipase
Fiber added to foods that has been shown to provide health benefits is called
Multiple Choice
amylopectin.Incorrect
phytofiber.
dietary fiber.
functional fiber.
funtional fiber
Insulin
Multiple Choice
releases glucose from cells.
insulates cells from heat.
allows cells to take in glucose.
prevents cells from taking in glucose.
breaks down glucose in the blood.
allows cells to take in glucose.
polysaccharide starches:
amylose + amylopectin
fibers:
pectin + cellulose
Fatty acids are classified based on the degree to which the carbon chain is saturated with ______
hydrogen
Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a ____________ backbone attached to three fatty acids.
glycerol
A fatty acid is ____________ if it contains no carbon-carbon double bonds, ____________ if it has only one carbon-carbon double bond, and ____________ if it contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
The unsaturated fatty acids can exist in one of two structural forms. When hydrogens on an unsaturated fatty acid lie on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, a ____________ formation exists. The ____________ form occurs when hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite sides of the bond.
cis; trans
Eating two complementary proteins during the same meal will
Multiple Choice
provide all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts to support protein synthesis in the body.
limit muscle protein synthesis due to competition for absorption sites in the small intestine.
lead to a buildup of urea in the blood.
increase risk for development of colon cancer.
provide all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts to support protein synthesis in the body.
Amino acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts
nonessential amino acids
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and therefore must be included in the diet
essential amino acids
Dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids
incomplete proteins
The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food relative to body needs
limiting amino acids
Two food protein sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids
edema
A physical state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses
protein equilibrium
A disease that results from consuming an insufficient amount of protein and energy
marasmus
Lipoprotein made in the intestine after fat absorption
Chylomicron
Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol and lipids newly synthesized by the liver
VLDL
Product of VLDL metabolism that contains primarily cholesterol
LDL
Lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to other lipoproteins, as well as directly to the liver
HDL
Protein contains nitrogen as part of its chemical structure. When the carbon skeletons of amino acids are metabolized to produce glucose or fat, ammonia is the resulting nitrogen-containing waste product. What happens to ammonia?
Multiple Choice
Ammonia is broken down into carbon and oxygen that contribute to respiration.
Ammonia is used to clean out the liver.
Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.
Ammonia is repackaged into other amino acids that are used by the body.
Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.
Babies in North America are routinely screened for phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is a disease characterized by the body’s inability to convert the essential amino acid _____ to the nonessential amino acid _____.
Multiple Choice
phenylalanine; tyrosine
phenylalanine; proline
proline; phenylalanine
tyrosine; phenylalanine
phenylalanine; tyrosine
When whole grains are refined, what part of the grain remains in the refined product?
Multiple Choice
Bran
Endosperm
Germ
endosperm
The products of fat digestion (monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol) are absorbed into the cells of the _____
small intestine
Immediately after absorption, the products of fat digestion are resynthesized into triglycerides within the cells of the _____
small intestine
These lipoproteins are transported from the gastrointestinal tract to the rest of the body via the ____________ system.
lymphatic
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total protein intake is
Multiple Choice
45% to 65% of total kcal.
20% to 35% of total kcal.
10% to 35% of total kcal.
10-35
In the stomach, ____________ denatures protein and ____________ begins to break down some peptide bonds.
hydrochloric acid - pepsin
When chyme reaches the small intestine, the small intestinal cells release a hormone called ____________ , which signals the pancreas to release enzymes.
cholecystokinin
The pancreas releases specific protein-digesting enzymes, such as ____________ , into the small intestine. The resulting amino acids and dipeptides are absorbed by the cells of the small intestine.
trypsin
When a person eats more protein than his body needs, the extra protein is
Multiple Choice
stored in the liver for later use.
converted to glucose or fat.
stored in the muscle tissue.
passed out of the body in feces.
converted to glucose or fat
A monounsaturated fatty acid contains
Multiple Choice
one double bond.
14 to 24 double bonds.
2 to 12 double bonds.
no double bonds.
one double bond
_____ is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because higher levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
Multiple Choice
LDL
HDL
LDL
Dietary patterns high in saturated fatty acids tend to ______ the level of LDL in the blood.
Multiple Choice
increase
decrease
increase
The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily calorie needs?
Multiple Choice
5%
10%
15%
20%
10%
Negative protein balance is likely during
Multiple Choice
recovery from surgery.
pregnancy.
starvation.
growth.
starvation
Recent research shows that older adults need ______ the current RDA for protein for adults.
Multiple Choice
more than
less than
more than
A protein that acts as a hormone is
Multiple Choice
pepsin.
hemoglobin.
trypsin.
insulin.
insulin
FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols) may increase gastrointestinal distress for individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Under the supervision of a primary care physician or registered dietitian nutritionist, a low-FODMAP diet may be recommended to alleviate symptoms associated with poor glycemic control.
True or False
false
Medical conditions related to metabolic syndrome are
Multiple Choice
type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke
type 1 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and cancer.
type 1 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke.
type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and cancer.
type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and a stroke
the simplest form of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
class of sugars formed by chemically linking two monosaccharides
disaccharide
fibers that mostly do not dissolve in water are not fermented by intestinal bacteria
insoluble fibers
fibers that either dissolve or swell in water and are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine
soluble fibers
For individuals with normal blood glucose control, the release of insulin by the pancreas after a meal will cause blood sugar levels to
Multiple Choice
decrease far below normal.
convert to protein.
increase far above normal
return to about normal.
return to normal
breaks a disaccharide into two molecules of glucose
maltase
breaks a disaccharide into glucose and galactose
lactase
breaks a disaccharide into glucose and fructose
sucrase
If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrates to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrates can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of
fat
these fats tend to increase blood levels of cholesterol and are solid at room temperature
saturated fatty acids
these fats tend to decrease blood levels of cholesterol and are liquid at room temperature
unsaturated fatty acids
Immediately after digestion, lipids that are absorbed from the small intestine are packaged as ______ for transport to the rest of the body.
chylomicrons
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Made from Alpha-Linolenic Acid
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
eicosatetaenoic acid (EPA)
Omega-6 Fatty Acids Made from Linoleic Acid
Arachidonic acid (ARA)
Lipids are a unique nutrient group, differing significantly from carbohydrates and proteins. Which of the following is a correct statement about lipids?
Multiple Choice
Most lipids readily dissolve in water.
Lipids yield 9 kcal per gram, making them the most energy-dense nutrients.
Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods
The human liver can make all the fat the body needs.
Lipids yield 9 kcal per gram, making them the most energy-dense nutrients
Which of the following is categorized as soluble fiber?
Multiple Choice
Lignin
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin
pectin
Also known as Equal®, this alternative sweetener is composed of two amino acids and methanol. It is approximately 200 times sweeter than sucrose.
Aspartame
Also known as Splenda®, this sweetener is made by attaching chlorine molecules to sucrose. It is approximately 600 times sweeter than sucrose.
Sucralose
Also known as Sweet 'N Low®, this is the oldest alternative sweetener that yield no energy. It is 200 to 700 times sweeter than sucrose.
Saccharin
Also known as Truvia® or Sweet Leaf®, this sweetener is derived from a South American plant. It is 200 to 400 times sweeter than sucrose.
stevia
Nearly identical to fructose in chemical structure, this naturally occurring monosaccharide is about 70% as sweet as sugar.
allulose
Also known as Sunette®, this sweetener is an organic acid linked to potassium. It is 200 times sweeter than sucrose.
Acesulfame-K
breaks a disaccharide into two molecules of glucose
maltase
breaks a disaccharide into glucose and galactose
lactase
breaks a disaccharide into glucose and fructose
sucrase
insoluble fiber
nonfermentable fiber
increases fecal bulk
food sources include whole grains and wheat bran
decreases intestinal transit time
soluble fiber
viscous fiber
slows glucose absorption
food sources include citrus, fruits, oat bran, peas, and beans
delays stomach emptying
Individuals with type 2 diabetes
Multiple Choice
overproduce insulin.
do not produce insulin.
break down insulin.
are allergic to insulin.
do not respond to insulin.
do NOT respond to insulin
What is an emulsifier?
Multiple Choice
An emulsifier makes foods smooth.
An emulsifier reduces acidity of a food.
An emulsifier suspends fat in water.
An emulsifier bleaches foods white.
suspends fat in water
Which statement about “cholesterol-free” vegetable oil is correct?
Multiple Choice
Vegetable oil can never be cholesterol free because all oils have cholesterol.
Only unsaturated fatty acid vegetable oil is cholesterol free; saturated fatty acid vegetable oil does contain cholesterol.
Vegetable oil can be fat free, but it is never cholesterol free.
All vegetable oil is cholesterol free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.
All vegetable oil is cholesterol free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.
In 2018, partially hydrogenated oils were banned from the food supply because they are a source of ______, which negatively impact blood lipid levels.
Multiple Choice
nonessential fatty acids
trans fatty acids
cis fatty acids
saturated fatty acids
trans fatty acids
The RDA for protein is ______ grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day.
Multiple Choice
0.8
1.2
1.9
2.0
0.8
When a person eats more protein than his body needs, the extra protein is
Multiple Choice
passed out of the body in feces.
converted to glucose or fat.
stored in the liver for later use.
stored in the muscle tissue.
converted to glucose or fat.
After absorption, long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides inside intestinal cells are
Multiple Choice
converted to cholesterol.
converted to proteins.
reformed into triglycerides.
converted to glucose.
reformed into triglycerides.
Which of the following is true about the use of medications that lower blood cholesterol levels?
Multiple Choice
They have few side effects.
They often are helpful for persons who have had a heart attack or have cardiovascular disease or diabetes.
They should be used by anyone with a high blood cholesterol level.
When one takes these, dietary changes are not necessary.
They often are helpful for persons who have had a heart attack or have cardiovascular disease or diabetes.
When chyme is in the small intestine, the pancreas secretes ______ to digest triglycerides.
Multiple Choice
lipase
bile
chylomicrons
bicarbonate
lipase
Which of the following is true about protein?
Multiple Choice
It is made up of combinations of amino acids and fatty acids.
It is unique in that it is the only dietary component that contains selenium.
It is important primarily for increasing bone density.
It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.
up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids
A child with marasmus
Multiple Choice
is very susceptible to infections.
is hyperactive and irritable.
has bowed legs and a deformed ribcage.
has a bloated abdomen due to edema.
is very susceptible to infections.
Negative protein balance is likely during
Multiple Choice
pregnancy.
recovery from surgery.
growth.
starvation.
starvation.
Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by
Multiple Choice
acting as buffers.
binding sodium ions.
synthesizing hydrochloric acid.
releasing nitrogen.
acting as buffers.
Chronically high blood sugar that is due to insulin resistance
type 2 diabetes
A measure of both the quality (GI value) and quantity (grams per serving) of a carbohydrate in a meal is called
Multiple Choice
glycemic load.
glycated hemoglobin.
insulin index.
glycemic index.
glycemic load
Individuals with type 1 diabetes
Multiple Choice
break down insulin.
overproduce insulin.
are allergic to insulin.
do not produce insulin.
do not respond to insulin.
do not produce insulin.
What happens to protein synthesis when an essential amino acid is in short supply?
Multiple Choice
Protein synthesis continues, but the limiting amino acid will be left out of amino acid sequence.
Synthesis of the limiting amino acid increases.
Protein synthesis is limited.
Protein synthesis will only occur in the kidneys.
Protein synthesis is limited.
A(n) ______ fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has a double bond at the third carbon from the methyl end.
Multiple Choice
tri-methyl
saturated
omega-3
omega-6
omega-3
Soy protein is a complete protein.
true or false
true
Recent research shows that older adults need ______ the current RDA for protein for adults.
Multiple Choice
more than
less than
more than
In the typical American diet, most dietary protein comes from
Multiple Choice
animal sources.
plant sources.
animal sources.
Diabetes is a disease of improper glucose regulation that results in more than 250,000 deaths per year in North America. The majority of people with diabetes in North America have ___ (formerly called ___ -dependent or -onset diabetes). This type of diabetes is characterized by
type two diabetes; adult?; insulin resistant
Approximately 5-10% of diabetes cases are (formerly called ___ dependent or ___ -onset diabetes). This type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in ___
type 1 diabetes; juvenile; no pancreatic insulin production
The type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called ________ Women with this type of diabetes are at increased risk for developing ____later in life.
gestational; type 2 diabetes
