UNIT 5 - State Building and the Search for Order in the 17th Century

Price Revolution

1525

High food demand

Pogroms

Massacres against Jews and Muslims

Philosophes allowed Jews if Christian

Schmalkaldic

League: Group of N. HRE princes

War: 1546-1547, led to creation of Prussia

Peace of Augsburg

1555

Charles I

No more religious conflict, princes chose religion of their region

The Thirty Years War

1618-1648

1. Bohemian (1618-1625)

2. Danish (1625-1629)

RELIGION

3. Swedish (1630-1635)

4. Franco-Swedish (1635-1648)

POLITICS/PRESTIGE

Bohemian Phase (1616-1618)

Archduke Ferdinand II (Hapsburg, King of Bohemia) tried to re-catholicize people

Protestant nobles rebelled (SECOND DEFENESTRATION OF PRAGUE)

Battle of White Mountain (1620): Catholic troops crushed Bohemian Protestants

Spanish gained territory to fight Dutch

Danish Phase (1625-1629)

Lutheranism strong in Scandinavia

King Christian IV (Danish, wanted prestige) sent troops to fight Catholics because of executed Lutheran princes

Defeated by Wallenstein (Ferdinand’s general)

Edict of Restitution (1629): outlawed Lutheran and Calvinist practices within HRE

Swedish Phase (1630-1635)

Sweden joined war to help Protestants in HRE

Gustavus Adolphus (Swedish king, military genius, mobile cannon)

France (Catholic) aided Sweden to weaken Catholic Habsburgs (Spain +HRE)

Sweden began to win, Ferdinand took back Edict of Restitution

Franco-Swedish (1635-1648)

France started fighting against Catholic Habsburgs (Spain + HRE)

Sent troops to Sweden (+ money)

Sweden + France vs. Bohemia (HRE) + Spain

Battle of Rocroi (1643): French uprising, Spanish downfall

Peace of Westphalia

1648, ended Thirty Years’ War

Each German Prince could choose Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism

Switzerland & Netherlands = independent

France + Sweden gained land + power

HRE weaker

Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin

Strengthened throne and king power

Spy routes throughout France

Louis XIV

Absolute monarchy

Versailles (represented wealth and controlled nobles)

Intendant system: middle-class officials ran government for king

Revoked Edict of Nantes (no more Protestant tolerance)

Expanded French power but made tons of enemies and large debt

Ottoman Empire

Controlled Eastern Europe (especially HRE)

Powerful army of janissaries

Wanted to expand into European territory

Struggled to form alliances (viewed as outsider)

Poland-Lithuania

Massive Christian kingdom

Stopped Ottomans in Europe

Sejm: noble ran parliament

Liberum Veto: unanimous government

Partitioned in 1700s from being politically weak

Sweden and Denmark

Fought for Baltic Sea trade routes

Wanted control of Hanseatic League trade

Both failed domination

Netherlands

Created republic after rebelling against Spain

Global trading power

Drained water to reclaim land

Shares/stocks (early capitalism)

Dominated Indian Ocean trade

Dutch East India Company= worldwide empire

Gunpowder Plot

1605

Catholics placing gunpowder under Parliament to assassinate King James I (FAILED)

English Civil War

1642-1651

Caused by King Charles I favoring absolutism and Parliament wanted limits on his authority

Parliament wins war, King Charles I executed

England becomes republic under Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell

Claimed to protect democracy but suspended elections and ruled like a military dictator

Glorious Revolution (1688)

James II (Catholic king) replaced by William of Orange & Mary (protestant daughter)

No war nor bloodshed

Parliament required new monarchs to sign Bill of Rights which limited king’s power and strengthened Parliament

Power Split

Monarch: military, war, orders

Parliament: taxes, laws, fair trials

Decline of Spain

Lost power after Spanish Armada failed

Internal rebellions and civil wars

Collapse of economy

Bourbon dynasty (French) took over Spain

Rise of Prussia

Began as German-speaking states

United by Hohenzollern family

Conquered church land to increase power

During 30 Years War: Frederick William the Great Elector rose to power, built strong military, and centralized government

Austria & Leopold I

Pushed back Ottomans from central Europe

Gained parts of Italy in War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

Different ethnic groups

Russian Expansion and Reformation

Russian often at war with Ottomans, Poland, and Finland

Expanded territory, reorganized military, increased noble power, class mobility through noble service