patho ch 2 immunity

Universal experience,

results from positive (wedding)or

negative(death) experiences

stress

stress is a body response to

change

stress can ________ impact homeostasis

negatively

what are the 3 stages of the stress response

-Alarm stage (fight or flight)

- Resistance stage (cortisol goes to normal, fight or flight goes down)

- Exhaustion stage (if the stressor is not removed and stays prolonged, super bad 4 u)

experiencing a stressor over and over again can cause

desensitization

_______- _________ syndrome: Confines damage to one area

Local adaptation

Stress conditioning factors:

genetics, age, gender, history,

and support

maladaptive rxns to stress

alcohol, drugs, overeating, oversexual, gambling

what effects can stress have on the resp system? (3)

-asthma

-hay fever

-increased respiration

what effects can stress have on the endocrine system? (2)

-diabetes melitus

-hyperglycemia

what effects can stress have on the genitourinary system? (5)

-diuresis

-frigidity

-impotence

-irritable bladder

-menstrual irregularity

what effects can stress have on the GI system? (5)

-diarrhea

-gastritis

-irritable bowel syndrome

-nausea and vomiting

-ulcerative colitis

what effects can stress have on the cardiovascular system? (4)

-stroke

-coronary artery disease

-heart rate and rhythm disturbances

-hypertension

what effects can stress have on the nervous system? (8)

-anxiety

-depression

-fatigue

-insomnia

-loss of motivation

-nervous tic

-neuropsychological manifestations

-overeating

what effects can stress have on the immune system? (3)

-autoimmune disease

-immunodeficiency

-immunosuppression

what effects can stress have on the integumentary system? (5)

-acne

-eczema

-hair loss

-neurodermatitis

-psoriasis

what effects can stress have on the musculoskeletal system? (4)

-inflammatory disease of connective tissue

-tension headache

-muscle contraction backache

-Rheumatoid arthritis

our body is constantly under assault by

microbes

our immune system is self-________ and self-___________.

this means it must be able to distinguish self from nonself

regulated and self-limiting

What are the two key activities of the immune system?

defense and attack

Innate immunity is

first line of defense

which immunity is nonspecific but immediate: recognizes nonself but not specific pathogens

Innate

is innate immunity completely impenetrable?

no not completely... cut on ur skin, can even have small tears in GI lining

which immunity type includes skin and mucous membranes, chemicals, and microbiome

Innate

what raise your body temp?

Pyrogens

if Innate Immunity is step 1, is step 2

Adaptive Immunity

___________ immunity is when your body made it's own antibodies and it can take 7-10 days

active

___________ immunity is when you get antibodies from somewhere else, such as from pregnant mother when a baby

passive

giving ur own blood before surgery and receiving it back after is an example of what type of transplant?

Autologous

Hyperacute tissue rejection happens in

first 3 days

Type 1 Diabetes, Lupus, and Rheumatoid Arthritis are examples of _____________ diseases

Autoimmune

what is an example of a stressor that can exacerbate Lupus?

pregnancy

you are more likely to get sick when

stressed

Mr. Pierce is 45 years old and holds a high-stress job in the financial sector. He complains to

an examining nurse practitioner about frequent headaches, difficulty sleeping, and seeming

always to be coming down with a cold. Mr. Pierce wonders if the nurse could "give him

something" for these problems.

Mr. Pierce is single, has no children, and is a self-described workaholic. He takes an occasional

walk on the weekends but otherwise has no regular physical exercise. He smokes several cigars

a day. He said his diet is pretty much whatever the nearest restaurant is serving. He does not

take any medication but admitted to "occasionally" smoking marijuana. His weight is

appropriate and his physical examination is unremarkable.

Lab work is ordered, but even without it, the nurse is fairly certain about the cause of Mr.

Pierce's headaches, insomnia, and infections

What is Mr. Pierce most likely experiencing?

A. Hypersensi

C. The stress response

Hypersensitivity reactions are AKA

allergic reactions

what cells get triggered during an inflammatory response in Innate Immunity?

mast cells

_________ immunity is nondiscriminatory and has the same response sequence regardless of cause of whether it is local or systemic.

Innate

the acute phase of innate immunity happens...

immediately after injury until the threat is eliminated

during the ________ phase of innate immunity, vasodilation and vasoconstriction, phagocytosis, and fibrinogen occur

acute

during the ________ phase of innate immunity, granulomas and granulation tissue form

chronic

the chronic phase of innate immunity happens if...

if acute phase does not resolve issue. then chronic phase will last till healing is complete

the _________ phase of innate immunity often occurs in the presence of resistant organisms

chronic

Pyrogens are released when exposed to

bacteria

_____________ cause a systemic inflammatory response (fever) which can be life-threatening

Pyrogens

Pyrogens make an unfavorable environment for __________ proliferation

bacterial

Interferons are released from _________ cells, and then bind to ___________ cells

virus-infected;

uninfected

interferons are like little shields released by the infected/dying cell given to protect it's uninfected buddies .... interferons stop virus from replicating when entering uninfected cells

kk

when interferons are released during a viral attack, they bind to uninfected cells and...

release an enzyme that prevents viral replication

plasma proteins enhance ___________

antibodies

complement proteins are a type of

plasma protein

complement proteins are activated by

antigens

since they are a type of plasma protein, complement proteins do what during an immune response?

they enhance antibodies

Complement proteins are found in which type of immunity?

innate

__________ immunity is also known as acquired defenses, and it pursues that which escapes ________ defenses

adaptive; innate

adaptive immunity is specific to organisms, meaning...

it has memory that develops over time

____________ immunity is used to distinguish self from nonself and between each pathogen

adaptive

cellular immunity, meaning antigens are targeted to be destroyed, is found in _________ immunity

adaptive

humoral immunity, which means antibodies are produced against an antigen, is found in _____ immunity

adaptive

helper T cells and suppressor T cells are __________ cells

regulator

effector T cells are

cytotoxic killer T cells

4 types of T cells:

Cytotoxic T cells

Helper T cells

Suppressor T cells

and ?

regulator T cells

helper T cells and suppressor T cells

where are regulator T cells and effector T cells produced? where do they mature?

produced in bone marrow

mature in thymus

which immune cells would be found in a patient with cancer, viruses, hypersensitivity, or transplant rejection?

T cells

Cellular immunity (which directly destroys the antigen) has to do with _______ cells.

Humoral immunity (which produces antibodies against an antigen) has to do with _______ cells

T cells;

B cells

which cells produce antibodies 72 hours after initial exposure?

B cells: memory B cells and immunoglobulin (aka Ig aka means antibody) secreting B cells

which type of immunity destroys the antigen?

which type of immunity makes antibodies against the antigen?

destroys: cellular immunity

antibodies against: humor immunity

immunoglobulin-secreting cells are ____ cells

B, remember immunoglobin means antibodies

which type of cells ensure a quicker response to same antigen in the future?

memory cells!

__________ immunity (antibodies) is found in active and passive acquired immunities

Humoral

LIFESPAN IMMUNITY

1. Immunity in infancy is based on maternal ______for ________ months, granting temporary passive immunity

2. breastfeeding transfers ______ antibodies

3. which of these can a newborn's immune system respond to?

-protein antigens

-polysaccharides

-glycoproteins

and their immune functions are limited

4. In adolescence, hormonal changes impact the immune system since B cells and macrophages have _____ _____ this () risk for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders

5. __________ _____________ means the sexes respond

differently to infection/vaccination

6. ______ decreases immune response in immune senescence these changes are multifactorial meaning have multiple causes

7. during _________ _______ there is lower B- and T-cell production, but increased apoptosis of these cells

8. Comorbidity significantly impacts immunity and autoimmune disorders become more likely due to...

1. IgG; 3 to 6

2. IgA

3. only protein antigens

4. hormone receptors, increases

5. immune dimorphism

6. age

7. immune senescence

8. misinterpretation of signals flooding body bc comorbidity

Many newborn immune functions are ________ and antibodies transferred to them maternally have low affinity

limited

Risk for inflammatory and autoimmune

diseases increases when?

in adolescence

Because B cells and macrophages have hormone changes

__________ _____________ means the sexes respond

differently to infection/vaccination

immune dimorphism

______ decreases immune

response in immune

senescence

Age

Age-related immune system changes are ____________

multifactorial

during _________ _______ there is lower B- and T-cell production, but increased apoptosis of these cells

immune senescence

the simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient

Comorbidity

Comorbidity (multiple diseases/conditions at once) significantly impacts immunity and autoimmune disorders become more

likely due to...

misinterpretation of signals flooding the body

3 malfunctional/altered immune responses

1. exaggeration (hypersensitivity

2. misdirection (autoimmune

3. diminution (immunodeficiency

okay

type 1-4 helpful chart

Type I Hypersensitivity is exaggerated mediated by () usually triggered by harmless causes immediate inflammation and pruritus (itching), usually needs more stimulus for bigger rxn , super bad worst case of type 1 rxn is called (anaphylaxis)

IgE antibodies

Type II Hypersensitivity is mediated by

IgG or IgM antibodies. host cells are damaged due to antibodies binding to cell surface. cell lysis and phagocytosis. EXAM.... EX OF TYPE II INCLUDE BLOOD TRANSFUSION RXN AND ERTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

Type III Hypersensitivity is mediated by

immune complexes (combining of antigen-antibody complexes activates complement system) antibody excess but relatively low conc of the antigen. ex lupus

on test... lupus is an autoimmune disorder

kk

Type IV Hypersensitivity is mediated by

cell-mediated T cells. 2 phases: initial phase triggered by primary contact . effector phase each next exposure

Definition/Mechanism of Action for Type I Hypersensitivity

T-helpers stimulate B cells to produce IgE.

IgE sensitizes mast cells and basophils

Type ____ Hypersensitivity can be local or systemic and requires repeated exposure to large doses of allergen

I

Type III Hypersensitivity can be local or systemic. true or false?

true

Type ___ Hypersensitivity is immediate

I

Type ___ Hypersensitivity is usually* immediate

II

which Hypersensitivity types are delayed?

Type III and IV

which Hypersensitivity type targets a single cell?

Type II

Type II Hypersensitivity is known as

cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Definition/Mechanism of Action for Type II Hypersensitivity

IgG or IgM antibodies

bind to antigen on

individual's own cells,

triggering antibody

production in

macrophages

Definition/Mechanism of Action for Type III Hypersensitivity

Circulating antigen-

antibody complexes

accumulate in tissue,

triggering inflammation.

Definition/Mechanism of Action for Type IV Hypersensitivity

Cell-mediated (T cells) find

antigen presentation and release

cytokines.

This causes severe tissue

injury, and fibrosis

which type of Hypersensitivity has 2 phases? what are these 2 phases?

Type IV

sensitizing and effector (first phase body is like oh u exist memory cell remember this one , 2nd phase is when it comes back those memory cells recognize it now and attack)

Rheumatoid arthritis is which Hypersensitivity?

Type III

A patient's immune system reacting to a Tuberculin test is which Hypersensitivity type?

Type IV