GD

What two ways do organisms reproduce?

Asexual and Sexual reproduction

Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction.

Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces identical offspring quickly, while sexual reproduction involves two parents, creates genetically diverse offspring, and takes more time and energy.

How is genetic information transferred from parent to offspring?

Each parent transferres 1/2 of chromasomes (Asexual is 1/1) to the child. Chromasomes contain DNA, which holds genes (instructions for traits) and alleles, variations of the genes.

What is genetic variation?

Variation of the genes passed down, can prevent against genetic problems.

Allele

an alternate form of a gene for a specific trait, described as either dominant or recessive

Dominant

describes the allele that determines the trait when two different forms are present

Recessive

descrives the allele that is not expressed when combined with a dominant form of the gene, trait only shows if the organism has two recessive alleles

Protein

large molecules that do much of the work in a cell and also make up much of the cell's structure, responsible for most aspects of how our bodies function, as well as for our physical appearance and our behavior.

Homozygous

the same allele combination, dom or res.

Heterozygous

two different alleles, dom and res

Purebred

type of organism whose ancestors are genetically the same

Hybrid

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Punnett Square

diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross, in probability

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

Chromasome

A structure in the nucleus made up of DNA which bears the genetic information of an organism. 1/2 passed on from both parents.

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

How to use a punnet square?

1. determine the genotypes of the parent organisms

2. write down your "cross" (mating)

3. draw a p-square

4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside" the p-square

5. determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in the p-square

6. summarize results (genotypes & phenotypes of offspring)

Trait

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

Heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

Genetic Factor

An inherited element or variable in our lives that cannot be altered

Environmental Factor

Things in an environment that can change something about an organism

Reproduction

the production of offspring

Asexual Reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Sexual Reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Offspring

Product of reproduction, a new organism produced by one or more parents

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

Mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Where are genes located?

chromosomes in the nucleus

What is the relationship between a gene and a protein?

A gene contains the instructions to make a protein.

How does the development of an organism rely on the genetic factors?

because genes are the instructions that tell the body how to grow and work.

How does the development of an organism rely on the environmental factors?

because the environment affects how it grows, develops, and functions.