Biology - The Kingdoms: Bacteria, Archea, Fungi, Protists (2.1, 2.3, 3.1)

is Bacteria uni or multicellular

unicellular

bacteria cell wall composition

petidoglycan, complex

gram stain

used to identify if a cell is bacteria. thick/complex walls with many layers stain purple/positive. less/no layers or with a caosud stain pink/negative

mutualism

when 2 organisms live closeby and both benefit from this association

cocci

cocci shape benefits

high volume, low surface area, resists drying out

bacilli

bacilli shape benefits

increased surface area for nutrient absorbtion

spirilli

spirilli shape benefits

ease of movement

diplo arangement

pairs

strepto arangement

strip/chain

staphylo arangement

cluster

metabolism of bacteria

both autorophic and heterotropic

autotrophs

synthesize their own organic food molecules from an abiotic origin

photoautotrophs

convert light to chemical energy for nutrience

chemoautotrophs

synthesize organic compounds from chemicals for nutrience

heterotrophs

cannot synthesize their own organize compounds, obtain from biotic sources

obligate aerobe

cannot survive without oxygen

obligate anaerobe

cannot survive in presence of oxygen

faculatative aerobe

can live with/without oxygen

reproduction in bacteria

asexual

asexual reproduction

produces identical offspring

binary fission

process of prokaryotic parent cells splitting into 2 identical daughter cells, chromosone duplicates then splits

DNA structure in bacteria

1 circular chromosone found in nucleoid region

can all bacteria move

some, not all

pili

small hair-like structures for movement and attatching to cells/surfaces

plasmid

small number of genes form a loop of DNA in bacteria cells

capsule

surrounds bacteria cell, protects it

conjugation

when 2 bacterial cells transfer plasmids through a pili bridge

transformation

when a bacterial cells takes in a plasmid from the environment

horizontal gene transfer

when a prokaryotic cell takes genetic information from another epxies

endospore

when living conditions are poor, bacteria transorms into resistant structures and survive extreme conditions

antibiotic resistance

overusing antibiotics can cause bacteria to adapt and become more resistant, making antibiotics ineffective

impacts of bacteria to society

pathogenic, can produce important vitamins, in food, produce medicines

impacts of bacteria to environment

decomposers, help culce nutrients, help ballance food webs

sexual reproduction

results in non-identical offspring

archaea cell wall composition

glycoprotien

archaea uni/multicellular

unicellular

can all archaea move

some, not all

reproduction in archaea

asexual binary fission

extremophiles

organisms that can thrive in extreme environments

methanogens

can live in anaerobic environemtns

halophiles

live in high saline environments

extreme thermophiles

can live in hot environments

physchrophiles

can live in cold environements

acidophiles

live in low pH/acidic environements

chloroplast

site of photosynthesis is eukaryotes

mitochondria

site of cellular respiration in eukaryotes

serial endosymbiosis

plasma membrane infolded creating endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. engulfed aerobic heterotrophic bacteria creating mitochondria. engulfed photosynthetic bacteria creating choloroplast

mesophiles

lives in normal environments

how can you prove mitochondria and chloroplast have endosymbiotic origin

they both have their own cirular DNA chromosone and divide by binary fission (like bacteria)

are protists aquatic or terestrial

most aquatic

are fungi aquatic or terestrial

terestrial

protozoa

animal like protists, unicellular heterptrophs

protist algae

plant like protists, multicellular photosynethic

molds

fungi like protist, decomposers, motile

how do unicellular protists reproduce

asexually by binary fission or sexually by conjugation

how do multicellular protists reproduce

a combination of sexual and asexual reproductive phases called alternation of generations

haploid

1 set of chromosones

alternation of generations

multicellular protists life cycle, gameophyte produces gametes (n) which fuse together to form zygotes (2n) and copy through mitosis to form a sportophyte that produces copies through meiosis making spores that form into a gameophyte that specializes cells in gametes

diploid

2 sets of chromosones

chemical in cell wall of protists

cellulose

meiosis

process that results in non identical haploid gametes

fertilization

process of 2 gametes fusing

gamete

haploid sex cell

zygote

first cell of a new organism resulting from fertilization

protist impact to society

food source, manufacturing industry (toothpaste, paint), pathogens (malaria, bever fever)

protist impact to environment

consumers, decomposers, form symbiotic relationshops with other organisms

are fungi uni/multicellular

multicellular

can fungi move

no

cell wall composition in fungi

chitin

strategy to obtain organic molecules in fungi

heterotrephic - extracellular digestion

sexual/asexual reproduction in fungi?

both

hyphae

elongated cells that form branding filamentous structure (irregular shaped cell)

septum

cell wall that divides hyphae into individual cells

mycellium

branching network of hyphae filament

fruiting body

reproductive structure of fungi that produce spores

saprophytic

fungi derive nourishment from dead/decaying organic matter

extracellular digestion

fungi live next to/within food source and release digestive enzymes into surrounding that break down organiz matter. the fungi aborbs the nutrients through cell membrane of hyphae

parasitism

1 organism benefits, 1 organism is harmed

commensalism

1 organism benefits, 1 is not impacted

mutualism

both organisms benefit

mycorhizzae

mutualism between fungi and plant roots. plant provides sugar for fungi through photosynthesis. fungi increases absorbtion of nutrients through extracellular digestion

lichen

mutulistic relationshop between green algea and fungi. the plant provides sugar. the fungus provies structural support and nutrients (h20, co2)

budding/fregmentation

asexual reproduction of fungi. peices of hyphae seperate and grow new hyphae

asexual spores

asexual reproduction of fungi. form along hyphae, break free and germinate

mitosis

asexual reproduction of fungi. fungus cell divides forming spores that can survive harsh conditions

sexual fungi life cycle

spores produce hyphae with cells containing haploid nuclei that fuse to produce dikaryotic cells with 2 haploid nuclei. hypahe grow into large mycellium that produces a mushroom cap with gills on its underside. haploid nuclei inside spore producing cell fuse to form a zygote with a diploid nucleus. each zygote produces 4 haploid nuclei that are released as spores.

fungi importance to society

food soruce, used medicinally/recreationally

fungi importance to ecosystems

decomposers, form important symbiotic relationships, pathogenic, apart of food web