Chapter 1 section 2

the skeletal system

the human body has … bones which are organized into an internal framework called …..

206, skeleteon

the variaition in …. And ….. among the bones of the body reflects their diffrent rules in the body

shape and size

the human skeleton is composed of two parts which are?

axial skeleton and apendicular skeleton

the axial skeleton consisst of

skull,spine,ribs,sternum

the apendicular skeleton consists of

scapula, clavicle,arms legs, pelvic

the skeleton is the frame work that?

supports and protects the body

long bones include?

humerus ulna radius(forearm), femur tibia and fibula

State all the bones in our body?

25

bone function and structure

1 provide a rigid framework against which muscles can pull

2give shape and structure to the body

3 support and protect delicate internal organs

4 red bone marrow produces red blood cells platelets and certain types of white blood cells

5 store mineralss uch as phosphuros and calcium which play a vital rule in our metabolic procceses

bones make up less than … of the bodies

20%

the reason why they have little mass can be explaiend by looking at?

bone structure

bones are not dry rigid structure rather they are?

moist living tissue

long bones consists of a …… ……. Cavity sorounded by a ringe of ….. material

porous central cavity , dense

long bones consists which its a structure consisting of the fllowing parts

Where are long bones found in? how are they as in shape? Central shaft of the long bones contains?

Periosteum, compact bone , spongy bone , and bone marrow, limbs of our body, hollow and cylendrical. Marrow and blood vessels

Just a side note that is bone marrow not red bone marrow

Periosteum (side note it covers every bone not just long bones just not areas of cartilage)

What is it? where does it cover?

What is its function?(2)

It is a double layered tough membrane, that covers the bones surface

It contains A network of blood vessels which supply nutrients, and nerves which signal pain , it also covers(protects) the surfaces of the bones

Compact bone

What is it? Where is it located?

What function does it do?

Its composition?

its a hard material, located beneath the periosteum, a thick layer of compact bone enables the shaft of the long bones to endure large amounts of stress in receives during activities such as jumping,

What is the composition of compact bones?

it consistf os cylanders of mineral crystals and protein fibers callede lamelae

In the center of each cylender is a narrow channelc alled a haversian channel

Blood vessels run through the interconnected haversian canels creating a network that caries nourishment to the living bone tissue

Several layers of lamelae or protien fibers wrap around each haversian canal, embedded within the gaps of lamelae/protien fibers there are bone cells called osteocytes

Haversian canal

Def?

What does it contain?

is a narrow channel located in the center of each cylinder(lamalae) of compact bones

It contains a network of blood vessels that transport nourishment to the living bone tissue and also contains nerves

Side note just the hole is called the haversian canal

If we have 5 cylinders it means we have 5 haversian canals if we have 5 haversian canals it means we have 5 cylenders

Spongy bone

Where is it found in? its always found under/beneath

Its structure

Its a network of?

Althoguh its name sugests its soft this tissue is?

Spongy bone has a …….. structure that consists of ….. …. Arranged along point of ……. Or …..

Spongy bone contains …… ….

Spongyt bone makes bones both ….. and …..

its found in small flat bones and in the ends of long bones , compact/some compact bone , tisssue, hard and strong

latticework bony spikes pressure stress

Wide gaps

Wide and strong

bone marrow def?

is a soft tissue located in many bones which can be either red or yellow

we have two types of bone marrows first the red bone marrow

Where is it located? what is its function?

its located ion spongy bone, ends of long bones , sternum ribs , vertebrate and pelvis

Produces red blood cells platelets anbd certain types of white blood cells

yellow bone marrows

Where is it located as in what does it fill? what does it mostly consist of?

What function does it do?

it fills the shafts of long bones, fat cells , serves as an energy reserve and it can also be converted to red bone marrow and produce blood cells when sever blood loss ocures

Spongy bone contains which boine marrow?? What about periosteum and compact bone?

red bone marrow, none

fracture;

a crack or a break from a bone

when can healing occur even if the damage is severe?

when the periosteum survives and circulation is mainatined

bone development,

Most bones develope from …. Which its a ….. but ,,,,,, tisse

cartilage, tough flexible

in the ….. month of fetal developmenet much of the skeleton is amde out of cartilage but ……. The …… ….., ……. Begin to develop that they release minerals that lodge the spaces between cartilage cells turning the cartilage into bone

2nd montth, durign the third month osteocytes beging to develoop

Ossification def? as a result of?

the procces by which cartilage is slowly replaced/converted intio bone as a result of bone deposition

most cartilage turns into bone however some remain to lend …… to?

flexibilty, areas between bones at the end of nose and the outer ear and along the inside of the trachea

few bones such as Some parts of the ….. develop directly into …..

in these cases the ……. Are initially scattered ……. Throughout the …… ….. tissue but soon fuse imto …. And become flat … of bone in the skull

From which ….. lines can be seen from where the plates of bones meet

Skull, bone , osteocytes randomly embyryonic connective tissue, layers, plates suture

Bones continue to develop after a persons birth between? bone cells gradually replaced the cartilage in?

early childhood and late adolescence, long bones of limbs

bone elongation takes place near the ends of ….. in an area known as?

epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal plate def? its composed of? And its found in the ends of?

the point at which bones elongate during growth, and it is composed of cartilage and found at the ends of imature long bones

How does the elongation procces happen?

Epiphysal plate has cartilage cells which divide and form columns and push older cells toward the middle of the bone and when those older cartilage cells die they are replaced by new bone cells

at which point boens no longer elongate and a person is usually at their max height?

when bone has replaced all teh cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

Most bones ossify in the fetal skeleton so which time is this? And some bones continue to ossify until? (Connect it with bone elongation)

during 3rd month, all the bones are relaced at the ends of long bones after elongation ends

Diffrence between bone and cartilage

Bone is ….. which provides …… necessary for muscle movement

Cartilage is ….. and is often found around ….. it allwos some …..

rigid, anchor, flexible , joints movement

bone contains significant …….. ….. between its cells while cartilage does not

mineral deposists

the epiphjyseal plate found at the ends sof imature liong bones such as the …..

Is the site of ….. ….., this region is rich in? when new bones are formed long bones will grow in?

fibula, bone elongation, cartilage cells,. Length ciircumference and density

Joints

The place where two bones meet is a

joint

three major kinds of joints are found in the human body

fixed joint semimovable joint and movable joint

fixed joints

Fixed joints …… movement

they r found in the …. Where they securly connect …. …. And permit no movement of those bones

movement, bony plates,

semimovable joints

They permit ….. movement

They are found in the?

Limited

vertebral column and rib cage

semimovable bones in teh vertebral column do 2 things, teh vertebrae of spine are seperated by? these …. …. Disks compress and abrobs shocks that coulkd damaga the fragile …. ….

1st hold the bones in place

2 allow the body to bend and twist , disks of cartiliginous tissue , tough springy , spinal cord

rib cage

Where long …. Of cartilage connect the upper …. Pairs of ribs to the …. Allowing the chest tioe xpand during breathing

strands 10 sternum

movable joints

pivot joint , top two vertebrates move head from side to side

Between teh vertebrates

Hinge found in the elbow and knee up and donward like a hinge door

Knee femur tibia platela

Elbow humerus ulna and radius

Saddle base of thumbs rotate your thumb and helps u grasp objects

Carpals

Ball and socket such as shoulder joint and hips joint which can help u move your arm in a complete circle

Shoulder; humerus and scapula

Hips femur and pelvis

Gliding found between the small bones of your foot and wrist which allow your foot to flex when u walk

Carpals and tarsals

the axial bones consist of ….. types of joiints

all three

the appendicular bones just consists of ….. type of joint

movable

the joint structure

As in all movable joints the parts of teh bones that come in contact with each other are covered with ….. to?

cartilage, protect the bones surafce from friction

ligament def?

its a tough band of connective tissue hwich hold the bones of the joints in place

ligaments have which type of matrix?

semisolid matrix

the surface of the joints are lined with ….. that secretes ,,,,,, substances called …… …..

tissue lubricates , synovial fluids

synovial fluids helps protect teh ends of bones from damage by?

friction

The knee is a movable joint formed by teh ends of the …. ….. ….

What protects the ends of bones and act as shock absorbers? Like many joints in the body the knee is a? why is it called that? what does synovial fluid do?

femur tibia and platela , cartilage, synovial joint , becasue it contains tissues that have membranes that secrete synovial fluid which lubricats and nourishes the tissues inside the joint

What are the functions of synovial fluids?

protect the ends of bones help joints to lubricate and nourishes the tissues inside the jointt

So what are the two things that protect the ends of bones?

pads of cartilage, and synovial fluids

out of all of the joints in our body the knee jjoint is the most suspectible to injury why?

becasue it carries the bodies weight and relies on many ligaments for stability

what effetcs can be caused when there is damage to the knee joint?

can cause swelling in the compartments that contain synovial fluids

the term artrritis is used to describe disorders that cause?

painful swollen joints

what are the two types of arthritis?

theumatoid artherities and osteoartjhiritis

rheumatoid artharities is caused by? What syptoms does it give? Is it related to age?

imune system begins to attack body tissue/joints, the joints become inflamed swollen stiff and deformed it isnt related to age

osteoartjirities is caused by? Symptoms? Is it related to age?

it isnt related to dto imune stystem but this tyoep icyres due to a defect in teh cartilage

Its a degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage covering the surfaces of bones become thinner and rougher as a result bone rubs againts each other which is sensed by the eperiostium and causes eevere discomfort

Its related to age