AP Human Chapter 3 and 4

Population Distribution

The pattern of human settlement- spread of people across the earth

Population Density

Average population per square mile or kilometer. how packed an area is

Midlatitudes

the regions between 30-60 degrees north or south of the equator

Social Stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, Power, ethnicity

Arithmetic Population density

calculated by region’s total population divided by total area, average population in a region

Physiological population density

calculated by population over total arable land refers to carrying capacity

Arable Land

Land suitable for growing crops

Agricultural population density

number of farmers divided by arable land; indicates the development of a country

Redistricting

Boundary adjustments

Infrastructure

Facilities and structure that allows people to carry out their typical activities

Overpopulation

When region has more people that it can support

Carrying Capacity

the number of people a region can support without environmental damage

Age-Gender composition Graph

graph used to study population based on age and gender

Cohort

The age groups

Birth Deficit

The slowdown of the birth rate

Baby Boom

when the birth rate spikes

Baby Bust

When baby boom ends, birth rates are low for a time period

Echo

After baby boom, boomers have high number of children with a bulge on the graph

Dependency Ratio

The comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population

Potential Workforce

The group that is society’s labor force

Dependent Population

under 15 or over 65, too old or too young to work

Demographic Balancing Equation

Describes that future population of a region on any scale

Immigrants

People who moved into the country

Emigrants

People who moved out of the country

Crude Birth Rates (CBR)

number of births per year for each 1000 people

Total Fertility Rates (TFR)

Average number of children who would be born per woman during their childbearing years

Life Expectancy

The average number of years people live

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of children who died before their first year

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

number of deaths per year for each 1000 people

Rate of Natural increase

percent a country’s population is growing or declining without migration

Population Doubling Time

The time a population takes to double in size

Demographic Transition Model

Shows 5 typical stages of population that countries experience as they modernize

Demographic Momentum

When population growth continues at least for one generation

Epidemiological Transition model

extension of demographic transitional model and explains changing death rates and common courses of death in societies

Malthusian Theory

the theory that population will outpace food production causing starvation

Pronatalist policies

Programs designed to increase fertility rates

Boserup Theory

As population increases so does food production causing innovation

Neo-Malthusians

People who accept the Malthusian theory as correct today

Anti-natalist Policies

Polices that attempt to decrease the birth rates in a country