geography paper 2- urban issues and challenges

what is urbanisation?

the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas

examples of push factors?

• Natural disasters

• Lack of jobs

• Lack of housing

examples of pull factors?

• Better standard of living

• Job opportunities- better paid

• Better access to education

what is natural increase?

When the birth is higher than the death rate

why is lagos important regionally?

• It increases cultural diversity

• Important trade centre

• eco-Atlantic which employs 150,000 and provides homes for 250,000

why is Lagos important nationally?

• Home to 80% of Nigeria industry

• provides 30% of Nigerias GDP

why is Lagos important internationally/globally?

• Main financial centre for the whole of West Africa- important for global trade

• The second largest film industry in the world- Nollywood

• Airport- easily accessible

what factors of caused Lagos to grow rapidly?

• Natural increase

• Rural- urban Migration

what are informal settlements?

any form of housing or shelter That is illegal or falls outside of the government control and regulation (slums)

what are the problems with informal settlements?

• Overcrowded- Disease is spread easily

• Poorly constructed so vulnerable to damage (unstable)

• build up of waste which can end up in waterways (disease)

what are informal jobs?

employment which is unregulated and unofficial

what are the problems with informal jobs?

• low wages

• poor working conditions

• do not generate tax so less money to fund vital services

• no insurance

what are the social opportunities for Lagos?

• More healthcare Centres, hospitals and a better range of medicines

• water treatment plans provide safe water

• better access to education- people can get qualifications, good jobs, better quality of life (68% of the population of Lagos have secondary education whereas 40% don’t even attend primary school in rural areas)

  • there are 10 universities in Lagos

what are the economic opportunities for Lagos?

• Rapid growth means that there are lots of construction

• Lagos has a thriving film and music industry ‘Nollywood’

what are the problems with the rapid growth in Lagos?

• slums and squatter settlements

  • Increasing house prices make them too costly for many people, as a result 66% of people in Lagos live in illegal settlements (slums)

    access to clean water, sanitation and energy

  • water- only 40% of the city is connected to the state water supply, water is in short supply

  • Sanitation- up to 15 households can share a toilet and waste often goes straight into local water sources (causes cholera)

  • Energy- Lagos doesn’t have enough electricity to power the whole city at once so neighbourhood take it in turns

    Access to health and education

  • Their own of healthcare facilities for everyone and many people can’t afford treatment

  • there Aren’t enough schools for the growing population and many can’t afford to send their children to school (only 1 primary school in the makoko slum)

    unemployment and Crime

  • there aren’t enough formal jobs for the growing population- 60% of the population we can informal jobs without any legal protection

  • High levels of crime

what are the environmental issues in Lagos?

• the huge population produces over 9000 of tons of waste a day- only 40% of rubbish is officially collected and there are large rubbish dumps which contain toxic waste

• Waste disposal and emissions from factories are not regulated or controlled leading to water and air pollution

• really bad traffic congestion- many workers face 2 hour commutes in rush-hours- air pollution (more than 5x the recommended amount of air pollution)

what are the economic challenges in Lagos?

• 9.9% unemployed

• 40% work in the informal sector

• many are too poor to afford healthcare

what are the social challenges in Lagos?

• only 10% have piped water supply

• 9.9% unemployment rate

• Makoko floating school can only educate 100 people at a time

what is the urban planning strategy of Lagos which tries to improve the quality of life of the urban poor?

Makoko floating school

what are social benefits of the Makoko floating school?

• up to 100 students could be educated for free

• The school was also used for local community meetings and activities (community centre)

what are the economic benefits of the Mokoko floating School?

• Education improve local children’s job prospects

• Provided jobs for local teachers

environmental benefits of the Makoko floating school?

• It was built using locally sourced materials- which means that the construction didn’t harm the local environment

• The school ran on solar power

• The school collected rainwater and recycled it to meet its water needs

disadvantages of the Makoko School?

• Limited amount of children educated

• Limited in its purpose

• Was destroyed in a storm in 2016

environmental opportunities that urban change has brought to Liverpool

• Urban greening

• Cycle and pedestrian routes- encourage people to get out of their cars and reduce greenhouse gas emissions

social economic opportunities that urban change has brought to Liverpool

• Cultural mixing- Ethnic diversity has brought a range of food, festivals and cultural experiences to the city which attract lots of people (chinatown- popular tourist destination)

• recreation and entertainment- the Albert Dock has been restored and developed to include many shops, restaurants and museums

• Employment- the tourism and service sectors offer a combined total of 160,000 jobs

• integrated transport system- Mersey travel operates the cities, bus train and ferry network- makes it easy to get around the city and encourages public transport use

what environmental challenges have arised from urban change in UK cities?

• dereliction- As wealthier people left the inner city, buildings were abandoned. Derelict buildings were vandalised and many areas became rundown.

• building on Greenfield sites- as a city grows and more people move in the pressure to build on Greenfield sites increases- this destroys natural habitats

• waste disposal- as the cities population increases more people are producing waste but there is less space to store it

social and economic challenges from urban change in Liverpool?

• Urban deprivation- Industrial decline left Liverpool‘s inner city very deprived

• Housing inequality- regeneration in some parts of the city has increased inequality. wealthy areas have better access to housing education, and healthcare however modern housing is often too expensive for former residents forcing them to leave.

  • new housing is too expensive for local residents

• education and unemployment inequality- many children in deprived areas leave school without basic qualifications leading to low income and high unemployment. youth unemployment in Anfield is 8.5% compared to the 2.8% national average

• Unhealthy lifestyles- unhealthy behaviour (drinking, smoking and a poor diet) is more common deprived areas

what where the opportunities from the Giants in Liverpool?

• 1 million people visited

• Local attractions, shops and businesses benefited

• Multiplier effect

• Generated 60 million

• Create job opportunities

disadvantages of the Giants in Liverpool

• Overcrowding- lots of traffic

• People couldn’t get to or were late for work

• Schools were shut

what were the aims of the Anfield project?

The expansion of the football stadium and to improve housing within the local area

why was the Anfield project needed?

• Anfield was one of the most deprived areas in England and there was up to 9% unemployment.

• Many homes where derelict

• Issues with criminal activity, vandalism and antisocial behaviours

what were the positives of the Anfield project?

• The development of modern houses encourage people to move into the area, Which reduced social inequality

• More Green spaces were introduced, which insures more outdoor activities

• Health Centre and school was reopened

disadvantages of the Anfield project?

• The football club just brought many of the houses

• Overcrowded on match days

  • Noise pollution

  • Light pollution

  • People wouldn’t be able to get to work on time

what are some environmental problems in urban cities?

• lack of green space

• littering

• Air pollution

• Waste- fly tipping

• Traffic

• Loss of biodiversity

what are some solutions to these problems in urban cities?

• Zero waste food shops- Reducing food waste from restaurants

• Public transport

• Urban greening- improved image of the city

what are some projects in Liverpool?

• M&S arena- music venue, capital of culture- encourages tourism, brings income into the area

• Museums- educational venue that teaches people about local history- education purposes, brings tourism and jobs.

• Liverpool one- lots of services for people and lots of money spent in the area- multiplier effect

• Restaurants and bars- encourages independent business- prevents derelict buildings and brings more community and revenue

what is urban sprawl?

The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside

what is rural’s-urban fringe?

Where the city meets the countryside. a zone of change where the land is used for a mixture of purposes

what are commuter settlements?

Towns in the RUS when most people live but travel every day to work somewhere else

outline one reason for the slower rate of growth in HIC cities?

Because there is already a lot of people in HICS, so fewer jobs and houses will be available where as in LIC more jobs and houses will be available.

What sustainable things have Freiburg introduced?

• Green spaces

• cycle lanes

• Garden roofs

• Solar panels

• Trams

what are the social opportunities from sustainable urban living in Freiburg?

• More than 10,000 people are employed in 1500 businesses in the city focused on environmental technology

• cycle paths encourage people to walk more- improve mental wellbeing

• free football tickets for investors and financial incentives for composting and taking responsibility of their waste

what are the economic opportunities from sustainable urban living in Freiburg?

• Financial award are given to people who compost their green waste

What are the environment opportunities from sustainable urban living in Freiburg?

• Green roof scheme- Grass is placed on the roofs of buildings and is used to collect and store water

  • recycling rain water

• there are twice as many bikes as there are cars in freiburg- expensive costs of parking in Freiburg, encourages less cars and more environmentally friendly travelling

• 44,000 trees have been planted in parks and streets

• solar energy- 400 solar panels placed around city which produces over 10million KW of electricity

  • any excess power generated can be sold to other areas