Biology - SBI3U - Introduction - Flashcards

Pre-biotic

• Atoms

  • Smallest unit of matter

    • Cannot be broken down simpler by chemical means

• Molecules

  • Smallest unit of most compound form by chemically bonding atom

Atom

• Smallest unit of matter

  • Cannot be broken down simpler by chemical means

Molecule

• Smallest unit of most compound form by chemically bonding atom

Level of organism

• Organelles

  • Specialized structure perform cellular function within cell

• Cells

  • Smallest unit of life

  • Collection of living matter enclosed by barrier

    • Barrier seperates from souroundings

• Tissues

  • Group similar cells that perform particular function

• Organs

  • Group tissue work together perform closely related function

• Body system/organ system

  • Group organs work together perform closely related function

• Organism

  • Living thing composed of cells

  • Species = group organisms so similar they can breed and produce fertile offspring

Organelle

• Specialized structure perform cellular function within cell

Cell

• Smallest unit of life

• Collection of living matter enclosed by barrier

  • Barrier seperates from souroundings

Tissue

• Group similar cells that perform particular function

Organ

• Group tissue work together perform closely related function

Body system/organ system

• Group organs work together perform closely related function

Organism

• Living thing composed of cells

• Species = group organisms so similar they can breed and produce fertile offspring

Species

• Group organisms so similar they can breed and produce fertile offspring

Beyond individual organism

• Population

  • Group individual of same species that live same area

• Community

  • Group different population live together defined area

• Ecosystem

  • Group all organism live particular place

    • Including nonliving environment

• Biome

  • Group ecosystem that have same climate and similar dominant communities

• Biosphere

  • Part of Earth where life exist

    • Includes

      • Land

      • Water

      • Air

      • Atmosphere

Population

• Group individual of same species that live same area

Community

• Group different population live together defined area

Ecosystem

• Group all organism live particular place

  • Including nonliving environment

Biome

• Group ecosystem that have same climate and similar dominant communities

Biosphere

• Part of Earth where life exist

  • Includes

    • Land

    • Water

    • Air

    • Atmosphere

Characteristics of life

• Composed of cells

• Reproduction

• Growth and development

• Obtain and use energy

• Respond to environment

• DNA

• Evolution and adaptation

Composed of cells

• All cell come from prexist cell

• Unicellular

  • Organism composed of singular cell

• Multicellular

  • Organism composed many cell

  • Diversity and specialization of function

Unicellular

• Organism composed of singular cell

Multicellular

• Organism composed many cell

• Diversity and specialization of function

Reproduction

• Asexual reproduction

  • Single parent copy DNA and divide genetically identical offspring

  • Can mean rapid fire reproduction of great number of identical organism

• Sexual reproduction

  • Two parent cell unite to produce first cell of new organism

  • Offspring is genetically unique

    • Leads to genetic diversity and specialization

Asexual reproduction

• Single parent copy DNA and divide genetically identical offspring

• Can mean rapid fire reproduction of great number of identical organism

Sexual reproduction

• Two parent cell unite to produce first cell of new organism

• Offspring is genetically unique

  • Leads to genetic diversity and specialization

Growth and development

• Unicellular organism grow mostly simple increase in size

• Multicellular organism undergo extensive development from fertilized egg

  • Dividing many times to produce multitude of cell in mature organism

• Differentiation = changing of shape and structure to perform a specific function

Differentiation

• Changing of shape and structure to perform a specific function

Obtain and use energy

• Living thing obtain energy from environment

  • Use for growth, development, reproduction, excretion

    • These processes occur at different rates

• Metabolism = combination of different chemical reaction that build and break down material as organism carry out life

  • Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism

    • Anabolism

      • Synthesizing compounds

      • Expend energy

    • Catabolism

      • Breaking compounds into single componenet

      • Release energy

Metabolism

• Combination of different chemical reaction that build and break down material as organism carry out life

Metabolism formula

• Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism

Anabolism

• Synthesizing compounds

• Expend energy

Catabolism

• Breaking compounds into single componenet

• Release energy

Respond to environment

• Organism detect and respond to stimulus

• Internal stimuli

  • Happens internally

    • Like blood glucose level

• External stimuli

  • Light, sound, touch, heat, smell, sight

• Homeostasis = automatic process which organism respond to stimuli so condition in body is suitable to sustain life

Internal stimuli

• Happens internally

  • Like blood glucose level

External stimuli

• Light, sound, touch, heat, smell, sight

Homeostasis

• Automatic process which organism respond to stimuli so condition in body is suitable to sustain life

DNA

• DNA = universal genetic code

• All life based on universal genetic code

  • 4 letter code

  • Determines inherited traits of all organisms

• DNA = type of biomolecule known as nucliec acid

  • Has three dimensional shape called double helix

    • Shape allows for duplication and reading of genes it encodes

What kind molecule is DNA

• DNA = type of biomolecule known as nucliec acid

DNA shape

• Has three dimensional shape called double helix

  • Shape allows for duplication and reading of genes it encodes

What is DNA

• Universal genetic code

DNA determines

• Determines inherited traits of all organisms

DNA how many letter code

• 4 letter code

Evolution

• Ability of group organism change over time

  • Invaluable for survival in constant change environments

Adaptation

• Trait living thing that help it compete and survive to reproduce in environment

Biotic

• Living/was once living

Abiotic

• Nonliving

Atom made of

• Proton, neutron, electron

All matter made of

• Atom

Compound made of

• Identical compound composed 2 or more different element

Ionic bond

• When exchange electron result 2 opposite charge ion which are then attracted to form a bond

Covalent

• When 2 nonmetal share electron by overlay valence orbital electron

  • Non polar covalent = equal share

  • Polar covalent = unequal share

  • Non polar and polar covalent depend on relative strenght of atom

Non polar covalent

• Equal share

Polar covalent

• Unequal share

Intermolecular interaction

• Interactions that happen between molecule

• Hydrogen bond

  • Special type intermolecular interaction

    • Hydrogen are molecule attracted to negative charge on another hydrogen

• δ+ = slightly positive

• δ- = slightly negative

Hydrogen bond

• Special type intermolecular interaction

  • Hydrogen are molecule attracted to negative charge on another hydrogen

δ+

• Slightly positive

δ-

• Slightly negative

Solute

• Substance that dissolve in a solvent

Solvent

• Substance that dissolve a solute

Solution

• Substance that is result when solute dissolve in solvent

Like dissolve like

• Charge substance dissolve other charge substance

• Uncharge substance dissolve other uncharge substance

Concentration of solution

• How much solute find per unit solvent

Extracellular fluid

• Water based fluid around cell

Intracellular fluid

• Water based fluid inside cell

  • Typically refer to cytoplasm

Hydrophilic

• Water loving

Hydrophobic

• Water hating

Cell organelles

• Organelle = little organ

• Found only inside eukaryotic cell

• Cytoplasm = substance between organelles

Cell membrane

• Boundary of cell

• Made of phospholipid bilayer

Nucleus

• Control center of cell

• Contain DNA

• Surround by double membrane

• Usually easiest organelle see under microscope

• Usually 1 per cell

Cytoskeleton

• Act as skeleton and muscle

• Provide shape and structure

• Help move organelle around cell

• Made of three filament

  • Microtubules

    • 25nm diameter

  • Actin filament

    • 7nm diameter

  • Intermediate filament

    • 10nm diameter

Endoplasmic reticulum

• Connected nuclear membrane

• Highway of cell

• Rough ER

  • Studded ribosome

  • Makes proteins

• Smooth ER

  • No ribosome

  • Makes lipids

Ribosome

• Site of protein synthesis

• Attached rough ER or float free in cytoplasm

• Produced in part of nucleus called nucleolus

• Polypeptide = chain amino acids

  • Part of ribosome

• Nitrogen is cirtical for build protien

Polypeptide

• Chain amino acids

  • Part of ribosome

Golgi apparatus

• Store, modify, produce protien

• Molecules transport to and from golgi apparatus by vesicle

Lysosome

• Garbage disposal of cell

• Contain digestive enzyme that break down waste

• Closly work with golgi aparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

• Powerhouse of cell

• Site of cellular respiration to release energy for cell

• Bound by double membrane

• Has own strand of DNA

Chloroplast

• Only in plant cell

• Contain green pigment cholorophyll

• Site of glucose production

• Bound by double membrane

• Has own strand DNA

Cell wall

• Found in plant and bacteria cell

• Rigid and protective barrier

• Locate outside cell membrane

• Made of cellulose (fiber)

Vacuole

• Store water, food, enzyme, waste, pigment

• Large central vacuole usually in plant cell

• Many smaller vacuole in animal cell

Centriole

• Aid cell division

• Usually found only in animal cell

• Made of microtube like cytoskeleton

Organelle with strand DNA

• Nucleus

• Mitochondria

• Chloroplast

Double membrane organelle

• Nucleus

• Mitochondria

• Chloroplast