University of Florida APK2100C Ahlgren Exam 1 Study Materials (Chapters 1 & 2)

Functional Anatomy

- anatomy which emphasizes the structural characteristics of a body part that contributes to its function

Gross Anatomy: def and includes

-structures that can be seen without a microscope

- Includes dissection and anatomy

Regional Anatomy: def and examples

- Studys all of the structures in one specific region.

- Ex: bone, muscles and arteries in the arm

Surface Anatomy

- Looks at exterior landmarks

Systemic Anatomy:def and examples

- Looks at all the components that allow a system to function

- Ex: organs and tissues in the cardiovascular system

Microscopic Anatomy: def and includes

- Physiological and disease processes occurring at the cellular/tissue level

-histology

Chemical level: def and examples

- atoms combining to form molecules

- water, CO2, O2

Cellular level: def and examples

- molecules combining to form cells

- smooth muscle cell

Tissue Level: def and examples

- combination of similar cells functioning as a whole unit

- smooth muscle tissue or connective tissue

Organ level: def and examples

- tissues combing to form an organ

- Smooth muscle tissue + connective tissue + epithelial tissue= blood vessel

Organ system Level: def and examples

- organs combined together to make a system

- Blood vessels + heart = cardiovascular system

Organismal level

- organ systems combining to make up one organism

Anatomical position

standing up with feet forward (neutral), palms facing forward and all other joints in neutral positions

Directional terms

- used to describe the position of one structure relative to another

Anterior and Posterior

1. front surface

2. back surface

What are other terms for anterior and posterior

- ventral and dorsal

Superior and Inferior

1. Higher

2. Lower

Medial and lateral

1. closer to the midline of the body

2. further from the midline of the body

Proximal and Distal: def, how to use

1. closer to

2. further from

- used in reference to the attachment point on the body or from the entrance and exit

Superficial and Deep

1. Closer to the surface

2. Farther from the surface

Ipsilateral and contralateral

1. same side of the body

2. opposite side of the body

Use directional terms to complete the sentence: The skin is ____ to the muscle and the muscle is _____ to the skin

- superficial

- deep

Use directional terms to complete the sentence: The elbow is ______ to the shoulder and the wrist is _____ to the elbow

- distal

- distal

Use directional terms to complete the sentence: The sternum is ______ to the spine and the thoracic cavity is _____ to the abdominal cavity

- anterior

- superior

Frontal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal sides

Midsagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body along the midline

Parasagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right parts

Transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique Plane

cut at an angle

What is a cross sectional cut?

A cut along the transverse plane

What is another word for frontal plane?

Coronal plane

Dorsal Body Cavity

- contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity

Cranial cavity

contains the brain

Vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord

Meninges

layers of protective tissue that line the cranial and vertebral canals

Ventral Body Cavity

- composed of the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

Thoracic Cavity

contains the heart and lungs

Abdominal cavity

contains digestive viscera and kidneys

Pelvic cavity

contains bladder, reproductive organs and rectum

Mediastinum

- subsection of thoracic cavity that contains the heart, esophagus and trachea

Pleural cavity

- subsection of thoracic cavity that contains the left and right lungs

Mucous membranes: def, function, and includes

- lines cavities that are open to the outside environment

- secrete mucous

- oral and nasal cavities, vagina, and anus

Serous Membranes: def, function, example

- lines cavities that are closed to the outside environment

- secrete serous fluid (oil like substance)

- thoracic and abdominal cavities

Layers of the serous membranes

- visceral layer: touches the organs

- parietal layer: touches the body wall

- serous cavity: space in between

What are the basic survival functions a cell performs? How are these functions carried out?

1. obtain and use nutrients

2. dispose of wastes

3. replicate/regenerate/repair

- by a cell's organelles

What are the 3 main structural components of a cell?

1. plasma membrane

2. cytoplasm

3. nucleus

Plasma membrane: function and structure

- functions to keep internal contents separated from external contents

- Fluid Mosaic Model

Fluid Mosaic Model

- bilayer structure of a sea of lipids with a mosaic of proteins that are embedded in lipids

Phospholipids: def, structure, movement

- main amphipathic (polar) molecules that forms the plasma membrane

- Hydrophilic heads facing the ICF (intracellular fluid) and ECF (extracellular fluid) and hydrophobic tails in between heads

- can move freely

Why must phospholipid heads be hydrophilic?

Because both the ICF and ECF are composed of water

What is the main molecule found among the lipid tails? What is the main type of molecule found there and what is its function?

- membrane lipids

- Cholesterol (90%) which functions to provide structural integrity of the plasma membrane

What is the main molecule found among the polar heads in the ECF (extracellular. fluid)? Function?

- Glycolipid (10%)

- Helps with cellular adhesion

Glycocalyx

helps other cells recognize whether certain glycolipids belong or not

Types of membrane proteins

Integral and peripheral

Integral proteins: def, types , characteristic, example

- proteins that are embedded in plasma membrane: 1 type is only in 1 side of membrane, the other type is across both membranes

- difficult to move

- Transmembrane proteins: embedded across both layers of phospholipids

Peripheral proteins: def and characteristics

- proteins that are not attached to the membrane

- easily dissociated from the plasma membrane

Principal functions of the plasma membrane

1. protective barrier

2. cellular communication via receptor proteins

3. regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell

What assists in the transport of impermeant molecules across the plasma membrane?

- integral proteins

Carriers and pumps

- carriers= passive (with concentration gradient)

- pumps= active (against concentration gradient)

Simple diffusion: def, active or passive, example

- lipid soluble solutes that pass directly through the bilayer down their concentration gradient

- passive

- steroid hormones

Osmosis: def, characteristic, requirement, active or passive

- diffusion of water molecules through the bilayer, down their concentration gradient, with the help of aquaporins

- protein required

- rare

- passive

Facilitated diffusion: def, requirement, active or passive

- water soluble molecules that flows through the bilayer via an open trans membrane protein

- protein required

- passive

Active Transport: def, requirement, active or passive

- transport of solutes that are pumped across the membrane against their concentration gradient

- require ATP

- active

Vesicular Membrane Transport: def, types

- active transport of large materials

- endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

Phagocytosis: def and main characteristics

- cellular eating. Membrane reaches out to large molecules and surrounds them to form a phagosome which fuses with organelles to be used as nutrients.

- Nonspecific, not triggered by a specific chemical messenger

Pinocytosis: def and main characteristics

- cellular drinking. Invagination of the membrane to suck in small molecules and form a vesicle

- nonspecific

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

- same process of pinocytosis except chemical messenger molecules must bind to the transmembrane proteins serving as receptors to signal the cells to form the vesicle

Exocytosis: def and characteristics

- vesicle approaches plasma membrane and incorporates its walls into the plasma membrane, elongating it and expelling its contents outside the cell

- general process is known as secretion

The cytoplasm is composed of?

- composed cytosol, organelles, inclusions

Cytosol: def and function

- jelly like fluid in which intracellular elements are suspended

- site of chemical reactions where water is necessary as a solvent

Organelles

- specialized structures within a cell

Ribosomes

- made of proteins and ribosomal RNA and functions in protein synthesis

- only formed when small and large subunits come together

Free Ribosomes

- float around inside the cytoplasm and are needed for the cell's internal structures

What organelles are ribosomes found in?

- attached to the Rough endoplasmic reticulum and inside the mitochondria

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

- functions in protein synthesis. Nuclear envelope invaginates into the rough ER

Cisternae

- flattened fluid filled sac

Smooth ER

- functions to break down fats (aka lipid metabolism) and used for calcium storage in muscle cells

- rough ER transitions into smooth ER and cisternae become more tubular

Golgi Apparatus: def, faces

- structure composed of cisternae that enhances and packages proteins coming from endoplasmic reticulum

- cis face: receives proteins from rough ER

-Trans face: faces away from rough ER and where proteins are exocytosed

Pathways of exocytosis on trans face

- Pathway A: vesicle contents are destined for exocytosis.

-Pathway B: Empty vesicles that are incorporated into the plasma membrane of the cell. Common to all cells.

- Pathway C: .Vessicle becomes lysosome and binds with organelle common to all cells

When would pathway A be used?

Only in secretory cells like glandular cells or neuron

Lysosomes

- contains hydrolase enzymes that break down large molecules

Hydrolase enzymes

- digestive enzymes

Peroxisomes

- organelles that breakdowns hyrdrogen peroxide and removes toxic wastes using specialized enzymes

Specialized enzymes in peroxisomes

- Oxidase: breaks down free radicals and forms hydrogen peroxide

- Catalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen

How are free radicals formed in the cell?

- Free radicals are formed as a byproduct to normal metabolic processes like the breakdown of sugar into energy

Where are peroxisomes predominantly found?

- In the liver and kidneys

Mitochondria

- long kidney bean shaped organelle that makes the energy of the cell

Where are a lot of large mitochondria most likely to be found? Where would there be fewer smaller mitochondria?

- in physiologically active cells like neurons, myocardium, and skeletal muscles

- In fat cells

Mitochondrial matrix: def, significance

- smoother inner membrane of the mitochondria that is folded and twisted

- Increases surface area= more ATP

Cristae

inner cells that form the mitochondrial matrix

Cytoskeleton: def and function

- elaborate network of rods that run throughout the cytoplasm

- Support the cell's shape and produces movements

3 types of cytoskeleton

1. microfilaments

2. intermediate filaments

3. microtubules

Microfilaments

- strands of thin spherical protein subunits that are found in dense concentrations just inside the plasma membrane

Name of the thin protein subunits that make up microfilaments?

actin

Function of microfilaments

makes up microvili, aids in motor movements, make pseudopods in phagocytosis

Intermediate Filaments: def, function

- thicker tough insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes in a batwing shape

- provides tensile strength to the cell and helps attach cells to one another

Example of intermediate filaments?

keratin filaments in dead skin cells that flake off

Microtubules: def, function

- large hollow spherical structures

- gives the cell its general shape, chemically holds organelles in place, and helps forms cilia and flagella

Cilia

finger like modal projections

Flagella

single modal projections that aids in movement of the cell (think sperm tail)