Chapter 6 Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems

antibody

protein released by blood cells to destroy invading foreign organisms or substances

antigen

substance that, on entering the body, prompts the generation of antibodies, causing an immune response.

anti- against

gen- forming, producing orgin

autoimmune

Type of immune response by the body against its own cells or tissues

capillaries

microscopic blood vessels that connect the ends of the smallest arteries with the smallest veins of the circulatory system

hematopoiesis

production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow “hemopoiesis”

immune response

defense function of the body that protects it against invading pathogens, foreign tissues, and malignancies

immunodeficiency

decreased or compromised ability to fight disease or a condition resulting from defective immune mechanism

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells and in tissue spaces

lymphocyte

Type of white blood cell (WBC) found in the lymph nodes, spleen, bloodstream, and lymph that functions in the body’s immune system by recognizing and deactivating foreign substances (antigens)

monocytes

Large WBCs formed in bone marrow that circulate in the bloodstream and destroy pathogenic bacteria through phagocytosis

oncology

branch of medicine concerned with the study of cancerous growths (malignancies)

pathogens

any microorganism capable of producing disease

transfusion

collection of blood or a blood component from a donor followed by its infusion into recipient

Hematology

is the study of the blood and blood forming tissues and the diseases associated with these tissues

Hematologists

physicians who specialize in the study and treatment of blood and blood disorders. they treat malignant and nonmalignant blood disorders.

Immunology

study of body’s protection from invading organisms and its responses to them

Antigen

anything that causes an immune responses

pathogens

Disease causing antigens. the immune system is designed to protect the body from pathogens. The body’s ability to fight disease and protect itself depends on adequately functioning immune responce.

immunologist

medical specialist who studies and treats the body’s defense mechanism against invasion of foreign substances that causes disease.

Two main components of Blood

Plasma and formed elements ( erythrocytes/Red blood cells, Leukocytes/White blood cells, And platelets/Clotting cells

Formed elements

Erythrocytes / Red blood cells

Leukocytes/White blood cells

Platelets/Clotting cells

Hematopoiesis

Process of producing erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the bone marrow

Markers

antigens also known as markers stimulate production of antibodies

Blood types:

A

B

AB (universal recipient)

O (universal donor)

Lymphatic system

Consists of lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and three organs: Tonsils, thymus, spleen

transfusion

safe administration of blood from donor to recipient requires careful typing and crossmatching to ensure compatible transfusion

Interstitial fluid

Created when certain components of blood plasma filter through tiny capillaries into the space between sales, called interstitial (or intercellular) spaces

Rh-positive

antigens are present on RBCs the blood type is further classified

Lymph Capillaries

Then wild vessels that absorb most interstitial fluid from the interstitial space

Rh-negative

Antigens not present, the blood type is classified

agglutin/ation

process by which particles are caused to adhere and form into clumps

embol/ectomy

excision of an embolus, may be done surgically or by use of enzymes that dissolve the clot

erythr/o/cyte

red blood cell

hem/o/phobia

fear of blood

hemat/oma

tumor composed of blood (usually clotted)

leuk/o/cyte

white blood cell

myel/o/gen/ic

pertaining to, producing, or originating in bone marrow

thromb/o/lysis

dissolution of a blood clot

ven/ous

pertaining to a vein

aden/o/pathy

disease of a gland

immun/o/gen

substance that produces immunity or an immune response

lymph/o/poiesis

formation of lymphocyetes or lymphoid tissue

lymphaden/itis

inflammation of lymph gland

lymphangi/oma

tumor of lymph vessel

phag/o/cyte

cell that ingests (and destorys microorganism and other cell debries)

splen/o/megaly

enlargement of the spleen

thym/oma

tumor of thumus gland

leuk/emia

white blood; hematological malignancies of bone marrow cells

macrophage

eating or swallowing large (pathogens) monocyte that transforms into a phagocyte capable of ingesting pathogens

ana/phylaxis

against protection; exaggerated, life threatening, hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to a previously encountered antigen

hem/o/poiesis

formation of production of blood; also called hematopoiesis

hem/o/stasis

standing still of blood

macro/cyte

large (red) cell

micro/cyte

small (red) cell

mono/nucle/osis

abnormal increase of mononuclear (leukocytes in blood)

hematoma

tumor composed of blood

hematopoiesis

production and development of blood cells

hematologist

specialist in the study of blood

thrombectomy

excision or removal of a thrombus

thromboid

resembling thrombus

thrombolysis

seperation, destruction, loosening of blood clot

erythrocytes

cells that are red

Leukocytes or Leucocytes

cells that are white

phagocytes

cells that swallow or eat

Lyphopoiesis

formation or production of lymph

lymphocytes

lymph cells

lymphadenopathy

disease of lymph glands

immunology

study of immunity

immunogen

producing immunity

agglutination

process of cells clumping together

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen

hepatosplenomegaly

enlargment of the liver and the spleen

myelogenic

pertaining to forming, producing, or orgin in bone marrow

anaphylaxis

against protection

anemia

blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of red blood cell (RBC) production and hemoglobin, increased RBC decrtuction or blood loss

aplastic

failure of bone marrow to produce stem cells because it has been damaged by disease, cancer, radiation, or chemotherapy drugs, rare but serious form anemia

pernicious

deficiency of erythrocytes resulting from inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body, which plays a vital role in hematopoiesis

thalassemia

group of hereditary anemias characterized by less hemoglobin and fewer RBCs in the body than normal; usually seen in people of mediterranean origin

hemophilia

group of heredity bleeding disorders characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors necessary for coagulation of blood

leukemia

malignant disease of bone marrow characterized by excessive production of leukocytes

acquire immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

T=transmissible infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and associated with suppression of the immune system; characterized by increasing susceptibility to infectious, malignancies, and neurological disease

immunodeficiency disease

any group of disease, either congenital or acquired, caused by a defect in the immune system and generally characterized by susceptibility to infections and chronic disease

kaposi sarcoma

malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat ,muscle, and fibrous tissue that is commonly fatal and closely associated with AIDS, also called malignant neoplasm of soft tissues

lymphadenitis

inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection, obstruction, or removal of lymph channels

lymphedema

accumulation of fluid in soft tissue resulting from blockage of lymph that prevents lymph fluid from draining, and the fluid buildup leads to swelling; may caused by inflammation, obstruction, or removal of lymph channels

lymphoma

any malignant tumor of the lymph nodes or other lymph tissue

hodgkin

malignant disease involving the lymph nodes and the spleen characterized by the presence of unique Reed Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes, also called classical Hodgkin lymphoma or hodgkin disease

non hodgkin

a group of more than 20 different types of lymphomas that occur in older adults but not characterized by Reed Sternberg cells

mononucleosis

acute infection caused by Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by a sore throat, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes

multiple myeloma

malignant disease of bone marrow plama cells

opportunistic infection

any infection that results from a defective immune system that cannot defend against pathogens normally found in the environment

bone marrow aspiration

removal of a small amount of tissue to diagnose blood disorders, cancers, or infectous diseases or to gather cells for later infusion into a patient

complete bone count

series of blood tests to determine general health status as well as screening for infection, anemias, and other diseases, also called CBC

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

test to screen blood for presence of HIV antibodies or for other disease causing substances

lymphangiography

radiographic examination of lymph glands and lymphatic vessels after an injection of a contrast medium to veiw the path of lymph flow as it moves into chest region

tissue typing

technique used to determine the histocompatibility of tissue; used to match donor grafts and transplants with the recipients tissues and cells; known as histocompatibility testing

western blot

test to detect presence of viral DNA in blood and used to confirm the diagnosis of AIDS as well as for detecting other viruses

blood transfusion

administration of whole blood or a component, such as packed red blood cells (RBC) to replace blood lost through trauma, surgery, or disease

bone marrow transplant

diseased bone marrow is destroyed by irradiation and chemotherapy and replaced from a healthy donor to stimulate production of normal blood cells; used to treat aplastic anemia, leukemia, and certain cancers

lymphangiectomy

removal of lymph vessel