IB Biology Lung Respiration, Gas Exchange and Circulatory System - Human Body Systems

These are flashcards for Human physiology/ human body systems for IB Biology SL. These are specifically about Lung Respiration, Gas Exchange and the circulatory system.

Inspiration

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity lowering the pressure to below atmospheric pressure causing air to flow into the lungs.

Expiration

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and increasing the pressure to above atmospheric pressure pushing the air out.

Type 1 Pneumocyte

facilitate exchange of gases w/ lungs and capillaries, fused together to prevent fluid leakage, cannot reproduce

Type 2 Pneumocyte

secrete a pulmonary surfactant which reduces surface tension of the lungs and they can reproduce

Total Lung Capacity

the total volume of lungs

Tidal Volume

volume of air exchanged in a normal breath

Vital Capacity

volume of total air exchanged per max breath

Inspiratory reserve

air above tidal volume, i.e. the amount more you can breathe in then your normal breaths

Expatory Reserve

air volume below tidal volume, i.e. the amount that extra that you can exhale outside of your normal breath

Residual Volume

amount left over that you can’t exhale, if sucked out somehow your lungs will collapse

ventalation rate

amount of air moved in and out of longs per minute

Counting

method of measuring ventilation via counting # of breaths per minute or # of time chest falls per minute

Spirometry

method of measuring ventilation by speed or volume, this is measured by a device

Function of Artery

take blood away from the heart

Structure of Artery

High pressure, narrow lumen, thick walls, 3 wall layers, large amount of muscles and elastic fibers, no valves and pourus

Function of Vein

return blood to the heart to be pumped to lungs

Function of Capillaries

exchange materials with cells

Structure of Veins

low pressure, wide lumen, thin walls, 3 layers, small amount of muscles and elastic fibers and valves to prevent backflow.

Structure of Capillaries

low pressure, extremely narrow lumen (only room for one red blood cell at a time), only one cell thick walls, no muscles or elastic fibers and no valves.

Cause of Coronary Occlusion

atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the deposition of cholesterol

Effect of Coronary Occlusion

plaques formed in arteries can lead to blood clots and the artery closing which leads to heart attack

Risk factors for coronary Occlusion

smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, consumption of lots of saturated fats and achohol, and genetics like hypertension

Lung Cancer

consists of a tumor that grows on the lungs this can supress normal breathing and can cause lung bleeding and other symptoms

Emphysema

a lung disorder in which alveoli lose their elasticity due to damage to alveolar walls this and potential holes created due to a weaker alveoli. This can attract phagocytes which produce elastase enzyme and create and inflammatory response. Overall this leads to shortness of breath, phlengm production, and a increased risk of lung diseases.