LE misc

what is an avulsion fracture

detachment of ligament or bone, typically occur where muscles attach

What are the main ligaments of the hip

liofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

what is coxa vara

a decreased angle of inclination between hip and femur

what is coxa valga

increased angle of inclination between femur and hip

what is artery to head of femur a branch of

branch of obturator artery

what can a rupture of the artery to head of femur lead to

avascular necrosis

what nerve can be injured in a hip dislocation

sciatic nerve

what can a distal femoral fracture lead to

injury to popliteal artery

who are femoral neck fractures most common in

older females due to osteoporosis

why are femoral neck fractures common

weakest and narrowest part of the femur

what does the patella assist with

extension of the knee

what type of bone is the patella

sesamoid bone

where are the femoral condyles located

between patellar surface and intercondylar fossa

what articulates with the tibial condyles

menisci

what is the function of the tibia

transmits body weight

what is the function of the fibula

assists with ankle stability

what is the purpose of the lateral malleolus

resist eversion

what is stability of the knee joint dependent upon

strength of musculature, ligaments, extension

what is the knee joint make up of

tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints

what is genu varum

bow legged, small Q-angle

what ligament is overstretched in genu varum

LCL with excessive pressure on medial knee

what is genu valgus

knocked-knees, large Q-angle

what ligament is overstretched with genu valgus

MCL, with pressure on lateral knee

what is genu recurvatum

knee hyperextension

what is the proximal attachment of the LCL

lateral epicondyle

what is the distal attachment of the LCL

fibular head

where does the LCL connect to the joint capsule

it doesn’t, it is extracapsular

what movement does the LCL resist

varus

which is stronger LCL or MCL?

LCL

what is the proximal attachment of the MCL

medial epicondyle of femur

what is the distal attachment of the MCL

medial tibial condyle & superior, medial tibia

where does MCL attach to the joint capsule

medial meniscus

what movement does the MCL resist

valgus

which direction does the patella usually dislocate

laterally

what is the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL)

passive stabilizer and primary restraint to lateral displacement

where does the MPFL extend from

extends from superior medial patella to the medial epicondyle of femur

which meniscus is more likely to be injured

the medial meniscus

where does the lateral menisci attach to

popliteus tendon

which ligament is stronger ACL or PCL?

PCL

what is the anterior attachment of the ACL

anterior intercondylar tibia

what is the posterior attachment of the ACL

lateral femoral condyle

what does the ACL do

prevents anterior translation of tibia on femur and prevents hyperextension

what are the two bundles of the ACL

anteromedial and posterolateral

what do the two bundles of the ACL do in flexion

cross over each other

what do the two bundls sof the ACL do in extension

parallel each other

what is the posterior attachment of the PCL

posterior intercondylar area of tibia

what is the anterior attachment of the PCL

anterior medial femoral condyle

what does the PCL do

prevents posterior translation of tibia on femur and prevents hyperflexion

what is notable about the distal anterior tibiofibular joint

related to high ankle sprains

what does the distal tibia form

medial malleolus

what does the distal fibula form

lateral malleous

what is the ligament most commonly sprained

anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)

what are the 3 lateral ligaments of the ankle

ATFL, CFL, PTFL

what do the lateral ligaments of the ankle do

resist inversion of the foot

what are the ottowa ankle rules

determining if you should get your foot x-rayed

what do the medial ligaments of the ankle do?

resist foot eversion

what are the grouping of medial ligaments of the ankle

deltoid ligaments

what is the largest and strongest bone of the foot

calcaneous

what attaches at the calcaneal tuberosity

achilles tendon

what is the sustantaculum tali

the talar shelf to keep talus in place

what is the tuberosity of the navicular for

attachment of the tibialis posterior tendon

what does the navicular do

holds up the arch of the foot

what runs in the groove on the cuboid

fibularis longus tendon (peroneus)

which cuneiform articulates with cuboid

the 3rd

which metatarsal is the longest

the 2nd

which metatarsal is the shortest

the 1st

what are the three parts of the metatarsal

base (proximal), shaft, head (distal)

where is the “spring” ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular)

between sustentaculum tali and navicular

what is the spring ligament important for

maintaining longitudinal arch

what is the long plantar ligament

maintains longitudinal arch

where does the long plantar ligament span

from transverse tarsal and tarsometatarsal joint

what is a lisfranc’s joint or sprain

a sprain of the tarsometatarsal joint in big toe

what is claw toe

stuck in flexion

what is hammer toe

PIP flexed, DIP hyperextended

what is a bunion

phalanges pushed medial

what is turf toe

sprain of ligament in big toe

what are the two longitudinal arches

medial and lateral

what is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch

talar head

where does the transverse arch span

cuboid, cuneiforms, bases of metatarsals

what movements maek up supination of foot

inversion, plantarflexion, adduction

what movements make up pronation of the foot

eversion, dorsiflexion, abduction

what does the fascia lata do

limits outward muscular expansion

what is the longest vein in the body

great saphenous vein

what does the great saphenous vein drain into

femoral vein

where does the great saphenous vein drain into femoral vein through

saphenous opening

what is the IT band

lateral thickening of fascia lata

what two muscles is the IT band a distal attachment for

gluteous maximus and TFL

where does the IT band extend from

iliac tubercle to Gerdy’s tubercle

what is lateral snapping hip syndrome

movement of IT band over greater trochanter during flexion/extension

what usually causes lateral snapping hip

muscle tightness

what is lurching gait caused by

weak gluteus maximus or injury to inferior gluteal n

what is trendelenburg gait

pelvis tilts down on the contralateral side of weak gluteus medius (or injured superior gluteal n)

what are the contents of the adductor canal

femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous nerve

what is osgood-schlatter disease

irritation of epiphyseal plate at the tibial tuberosity

what are the contents of the femoral triangle

femoral N, femoral A, femoral V, empty space, deep inguinal lymph nodes

what are the three tendons of the pes anserinus

sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus

what is the opening in adductor magnus for adductor canal

adductor hiatus

what are the proximal attachments of the gluteus maximus m

posterior ililum, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament

what are the distal attachments of the gluteus maximus m

gluteal tuberosity, Gerdy’s tubercle via IT band

what is the action of the gluteus maximus

extension of the hip