Rules, Morals, and Ethics

Regulations established and enforced by the government

Law

Moral principles that manage a person’s or group’s behavior.

Ethics

_______ are accepted customs of right living/conduct.

Morals

Two types of Ethics

Personal and Professional

Define person ethics

What we have been taught since childhood

What documents define the standards of ethics by which a Radiographer is held to?

ARRT

Define professional ethics

-Career about right or wrong

- standards to the daily practice determining what is right or wrong for patients and physicians

if you take the wrong exam on the wrong patient what can you be held liable for?

Negligence

What is used to define what a reasonable radiographer would do in a similar situation regardless of the education they receive?

Standard of Care

Standard of conduct, also known as a common concern for collective self-discipline or control of the profession from within

Ethics

This theory suggests that moral development occurs in 6 stages and that moral logic primarily focuses on seeking and maintaining justice.

Kohlberg’s Theory

Name the 3 levels including age for Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Pre-Conventional (3-7)

Conventional (8-13)

Post-Conventional (Adulthood)

In this stage conformity of what’s expected from them and peer pressure or the interest in pleasing peers appear

Conventional

In this stage moral reasoning based on personal ethics happen; along with respecting other’s beliefs

Post-Conventional

Stage where there is avoidance of conflict based on individualism

Pre-conventional

Name of this moral development

Level and name of level that contains :

Obedience and Punishment

Individualism and Exchange

Level 1 (Preconventional Morality)

Stage of Social Contract and Individual rights

(Name the level and moral)

Level 3 Postconventional Morality

Has the stages of interpersonal relations and maintaining social order

Level 2 (Conventional Morality)

_______ _______ noticed in development _____ progressed faster.

Jean Piaget

Women

Name several professional Ethics

• Treat patients without prejudice

• Evaluate situation

• Accountability for decisions

• Make decisions for patient

• Radiation protection

• Confidentiality

What are the radiographer’s duties?

• Provide due care

• Have professional compentency

• Follow professional ethics

“The ends justify the means”

Consequentialism

Own set of rules this individual will follow other people’s values do not matter

Non-consequentialism

Making decisions on what to do

Analysis

Based on someone believes is right

Virtue based ethics

______ contract is a ____ contract on each other’s beliefs and expectations.

Social

Moral

Reflects values of the community

Ethics of care

Other people’s standards do not matter, person beliefs matter following one’s rule

Non-consequentialism

Based on someone believes is right

Virtue based beliefs

Standard Care defines what for the radiographer?

List of to dos, responsibilities, and what is within the scope of practice

Determining what is diagnostic

T/F: Torts are civil wrongs that are grounds for a lawsuit.

True

Name two types of intentional misconduct

• false imprisonment

• Invasion of privacy

An example of false imprisonment is __________

Misuse of immobilization devices

Violating HIPAA or not covering underclothed patients are examples of ___________ __________.

Invasion of Privacy

Define libel

False information about a person in writing to harm the reputation of that individual

Example: written newspaper, email, charting history

Spoken false information and what are the examples?

Slander

Television, Radio

A statement that causes the patient to feel threatened “threatening to hit” is a ______

Assault

Action of causing harm

Battery

Intentional Misconduct is a ____ you actually do to a patient.

Action

Assault and battery is considered a _______ or _______ injury.

Physical

Mental

Omission of what you should do as a technologist for reasonable care is ____________.

Negligence

Type of negligence where it is obvious the job was done properly:

A) Contributory

B) Corporate

C) Professional

E) Gross

E) Gross Negligence

Patient played a part in fault

(Type of negligence)

Contributory

___________ negligence is where the company is held responsible for negligence due to faulty procedures.

Corporate

List the 4 misconduct conditions of malpractice:

• Based on practice standards

• Any breach of duty

• Any injuries or damage during the incident

• What is expected and the cause

“The thing speaks for itself”

Res ipsa loquitur

What does respondeant superior mean?

Let the master answer

Implied consent is

It is implied that you will do what is expected less informed

Such as a tech taking a x-ray

A surgeon performing surgery

Patient consent is

Informing patient and explaining the risk of the procedure or exams

Such as explaining the risks of surgery, medication, and what to expect with the exam usually for invasive procedures

What are the two important ways for health records that techs will take?

Charting and Coding

List some of the items involved in charting:

• Medications

• Records

• Vitals

• Patient History

• Exams Ordered

• Patient Status

Taking information depending on diagnosis will have a code for hospital/insurance reimbursement is _______.

Coding

These rules are included in which rules of Ethics:

• Registry Exam Violations

• Convictions

• Continuing Education Violations

• Reporting Ethics Violations

ARRT Rules of Ethics

These ethics highlight the conduct for radiologic technologists regarding patient care, job protocols, and professionalism

ASRT

Steps in Ethical Analysis:

1. Identify the problem

2. Develop alternate solutions

3. Select the best solution

4. Defend your selection

Based on an understanding of human rights (ethics)

Right-Based Ethics

Each action is not an isolated event and reflects the values of the community

Ethics of Care

4 Conditions of Medical Malpractice/Misconduct

• What is expected and cause

• Any breach of duty

• Any injuries and damage during incident

• Based on practice standards

______ consent is performing an implied or expected task

Implied

What type of consent occurs when there is an explanation to the patient about the risk of procedures and outcomes

Patient

Information depending on the diagnosis in a sequence or code that will be used for hospital insurance reimbursement

Coding

How to do record keeping?

• With accuracy

• Using approved abbreviations

• Making corrections

What is the role of the registered health information technicians?

• Assemble and analyze patient date to improve patient care and control healthcare cost

• Does coding diagnosis/ procedures in records for reimbursement

This role has experts in managing patient health information and medical records

And comprehensive knowledge of medical administration ethical/legal requirements, and standards related to healthcare delivery

RHIA or Registered Health Information Administrators

What type of records must be contained in the Electronic Health Records (EHR) or Electronic Medical Records (EMR)?

• Medical history

• Patient’s identification data

• Physical exam findings

• Diagnostic & therapeutic orders

• Clinical observations

• Reports from diagnostic and therapeutic procedures

• Informed consent documentation

• Conclusions before release

What not-for-profit accreditation organization is meant to help healthcare organizations maintain their standards in patient care and comply with revaluations and the healthcare environment?

Either the Joint Commission

Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program

When should an incident report be completed?

As soon as possible, at least within the last 24 hrs.

What are the seven C’s of medical malpractice prevention?

• Competence

• Compliance

• Charting

• Communication

• Confidentiality

• Courtesy

• Caution

What does DR stand for? And how is it used?

Diagnosis-Related Group

System of classifying inpatient stay

Reimbursement for Medicare payment (inpatient)

Prospective Payment System

Outpatient payment method used by Medicare to reimburse hospitals and outpatient clinics for services provided to patients

Ambulatory Patient Classification (APC)

Two types of categories torts fall into:

• Intentional

• Unintentional

___________ _________ is a legal document that outlines a person’s wishes regarding their medical care in the event that they become unable to make decisions for themselves due to health conditions.

Advanced directive