Human Physio Test 1 (Fiu-Wang)

Extra cellular fluid

what makes up the inside of the body?

Physiology

the study of biological function and how the body works

make an observation, form and hypothesis, design an experiment, analyze data, repeat results, and form a theory

6 Steps of a Scientific method

all measurements, experimental group&control, statistical analysis (repeat for accuracy), review and publication by peer reviewed journal

Good physiological research requires what? (4)

not significant

what does ns mean when put on a data chart?

significant

what does ** mean when put on a data chart?

1. basic research for years

2. research of chemicals on a cell in a dish (in vitro)

3. studies done on animals

4. clinical trials start: tested on a healthy volunteer, test ppl on ppl with diseases, larger number of ppl

what are the steps for developing pharmaceuticals?

Molecule

Simplest and more microscopic level of organization

cell

basic unit function of living things

tissue

group of similar cells that preform a similar function

organ

group of two or more tissues into structural and functional units

system

group of organs that work together to preform related functions

organism

systems working together in coordination

molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, organisms

levels of organization

muscle tissue

nervous tissue

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

what four major categories of tissues?

contracting

muscle tissue is specialized to do what?

skeletal muscle- voluntary

cardiac muscle-involuntary

smooth muscle- involuntary

three types of muscle tissues?

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

nerve tissues are found in?

neurons and neuralgia

nerve tissues are made up of?

Communication

function of never tissue?

forms the membranes to cover the bodies surfaces

lines the inside of hallow organs/glands

epithelial tissue does what?

simple epithelium: has 1 later and transports substances

stratified epithelium: made of multiple layers and provides protection

two types of epithelial and there difference?

protein fibers, extra cellular material, and specialized cell

connective tissue is made up of?

connects and supports

connective tissue job?

connective tissue proper

cartilage

bone

blood

4 major category for connective tissue

two or more tissues that serve different functions in the organ

organ is composed of?

skin

the largest organ?

Systems

organs that preform related functions are group as?

11

how many inter-related organ systems do humans have?

dynamic constancy in body's internal environment

regulation of body temperature, blood volume and blood sugar

homeostasis is?

External Environment

the space around the body

internal environment

the extra cellular fluid surrounding the cell

feedback system

homeostasis is maintained through the?

negative feedback system

arteries send signals to the brain stating blood pressure is high. the body lowers the heart rate

synaptic nervous system

what system is activated during negative feedback

positive feedback

the patient is bleeding. platelets surround the wound and make a clot

nucleus

organelles (golgi body and mitochondria)

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

name the principle parts of a cell

plasma membrane

what is flexible and separates the external environment from the cell. it is selectively permeable, communication

cytoplasm

what is the fluid part of the cell (cytosol) and little organelles that do the function

nucleus

what contains DNA and directs cell activities

the intercellular and extra cellular environments

the phospholipid barrier is between what

what does the hydrophobic center restrict

membrane proteins

internal and external environment of the cells communicate through wgat

membranes

fluid filled structure

proteins and phospholipids not being trapped in the membranes but always moving laterally

what is the fluid mosaic model

non polar and hydrophobic

the tails on a phospholipid bilayer are

polar/non-polar

hydrophobic/hydrophilic

polar and hydrophilic

the heada on a phospholipid bilayer are

polar/non-polar

hydrophobic/hydrophilic

small hydrophobic substances

what type of substances pass through the phospholipid bilayer

by going through membrane proteins

how do hydrophilic substances pass through the plasma membrane

fat soluable substances

are cell membranes permeable to water or permeable to fat-soluble substances

ion channels

forms a pore so that specific ions can flow through the membrane

carrier proteins

transports specific substances across the membrane by changing its shape

receptor proteins

recognize SPECIFIC ligand and alters the cells function

enzyme proteins

catalyze the reaction inside or outside of the cell (depends on the direction)

linker proteins

anchor filaments inside and outside of the plasma membrane. provides STRUCTURE

cell identity markers

distinguishes your cells from anyone else's

lipids and proteins

carbs attach to?

cholesterol

what gives flexibility to the membrane

False

t/f: phospholipid bilayer is the only thing in our cell membrane

Phagocytosis

"cell eating"

Pseudopod

what engulfs bacteria, dead cells, or other organic material to then form a food vacuole

Phagocytosis

what is important for body defense, inflammation, and apoptosis (normal death of cells)

Endocytosis

what is when the plasma membrane furrows inward?

a small part of the meme range surrounds the substance and punches off bringing it into the vesicles

what happens during endocytosis?

nonspecific

specific

pinocytosis: specific or non specific

receptor mediated endocytosis: specific or non specific

large part of the protein moves outside of the cell

what happens during exocytosis?

packages proteins into vesicles that fuse to the plasma membrane and the contents are released into the cell

what does the golgi apparatus do?

used to release digestive enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters from certain cells

exocytosis is used for?

Cytoplasm

materials within a cell

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments that extend through cytosol

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

microtubules

what are the three types of cytoskeleton

microfilaments

which cytoskeleton:

thinnest element

made up of actin

found on the edge of the cell

helps generate movement

provides mechanical support

form microvilli

function of microfilaments

microvilli

what folds in the plasma membrane that increase the surface area for chemical reactions and rapid diffusion?

intermediate filaments

intermediate size

found in places where cells encounter stress

helps position organelles

attach cells to one another

functions of intermediate filaments

microtubules

largest of all the cytoskeleton all components

hallow tubes made up of tubulin

found in cilia and flagella

determine cell shape

movement of organelles

microtubules functions

cilia

tiny hairlike structures composed of microtubules that project from the plasma membrane

primary cilium

most cells have this non-motile cilium with "9+0" stucture

may have sensory function in some cells

propel fluid across surface of the cells cells

motile cilia function

found in respiratory tract and uterine tubes

where is motile cilia found

"9+2"

motile cilia arrangement

Flagellum

a single whip like structure that can propel the cell forward

composed of microtubules with a "9+2" arrangement

flagellum made up of?

organelles

tiny specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes

helps with cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction

organelle functions

ribosomes

er

golgi complex

mitochondria

lysosomes

name some organelles

mitochondria

site of energy (ATP) production

so that it can make more ATP production

why is it beneficial for a mitochondria to have more surface area

has an inner, external, and inter membranous space

mitochondria structure

matrix

central area in a mitochondria that is fluid filled called

true

t/f: mitochondria can migrate and make copies of itself

false

T/F: mitochondrias have their own DNA

false, we are still unsure

t/f: mitochondria is derived from mom

messenger RNA takes genetic info to the ribosomes so proteins can be assembled

ribosome function

very small

made up of ribosomal RNA and proteins

ribosomes size and what are they made of?

free in the cytoplasm or on er

where are ribosomes found?

Rough ER

where proteins are made

steroid synthesis and many more

smoother ER function