IB psychology paper 1 Cognitive approach

schemas

mental representations/frameworks of knowledge based on expectations

• Social: based on the world around us (ex; social norms)

• self: based on information about yourself

• script: based on repeated behaviors

bartlett (et al)

“war of ghosts study” used a telephone system where one person recalls everything then writes it down, the next person does the same. In the other group thy did this but with one person only

• similar results for both methods; stories got shorter as it went on and people changed details to fit their own schemas

bransford and johnson

the laundry study

• one group knew the title before listening (best outcome), 2nd group knew after listening (worst outcome), last group did not know the title at all (2nd worst)

memory reliability

accurately recalling information; 3 distortions (errors)

• leading questions

• weapon focus (something out of the ordinary is likely to focused on more than other things)

• memory conformity

Loftus and Palmer

had participants watch a vid of a crash, then asked leading questions (smashed, collided, hit, contacted, etc)

• smashed = higher estimation of mph

  they also asked if they saw “a” broken headlight or “the” broken headlight (those with “the” saw it more)

• Reconstructive memory

Loftus (et al)

investigating weapon focus; participants saw a guy with a pen versus a guy with a bloody knife

• participants who saw the knife were less accurate with identifying the mans face

• a guy named pickle tested if it was weapons specifically that had this effect and it wasn’t, any unusual items have the same effect

Yuille and Cutshall

found that the 13 witnesses who took part in the follow-up interview were accurate in their eyewitness accounts 5 month later and little change found in their testimonies

• Flashbulb memory and EMOTION

Milner and Scovile

• Use for multistore model

• evidence that the LTM and STM can be damaged separately (different stores)

Multistore model

memory is made of separate stores (milner and scovile)

• Sensory store

• rehearsal moves it to short term

• long term

Working Memory Model

a model that describes the structure and function of short-term memory, involving different components such as the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad. (CPV)

KF case study

study showing selective impairment of verbal short-term memory, supporting the Working Memory Model.

• phonological impaired (verbal), visuospatial intact (images)

enculturation

process of “becoming” a member of your culture through values, observation, and expectations

Odden and Rochat

conducted a study on enculturation in the Samoan culture, examining how children learn cultural practices through observation and participation.

• children had basic understanding of the culture without being taught directly

Acculturation

changing based on living in a new culture

Torres (et al)

conducted research on acculturation among latinos, highlighting the psychological effects of adapting to a new culture and the challenges involved.

• those that were more white had lower acculturative stress