working memory, consolidation, retrieving memory, testing, memory issue, forgetting

1. Sensory

Memory from sense information (very very short term memory )

Sperling (1960)

briefly flashed a grid of letters on a screen and found that while people could only report about 3-4 letters, they actually saw many more—showing that sensory memory has a large capacity but fades very quickly

Miller 7, +-2

the average person can hold about 5 to 9 pieces of information in short-term memory at once

Procedural memory

Memory for how to do things

Positive tranfers

Learning one skill helps you learn another

Negative transfer

Learning one skill hurts another

Declarative memory

Memory you can talk about and consciously recall (facts or personal experience)

Semantic memory

Facts or general knowledge (capital of france is paris)

Episodic memory

Personal experience (your trip in paris)

Autobiographical

Person life story - it includes episodic memories (things you experienced) and semantic memories about yourself (like where you were born)

HSAM (highly superior autobiographical memory)

remember every component of their lives, mostly only remember about themselves

Prospective

Remembering to do things in the future

Retrospective

memory from the past

Working memory

How you are using the information in your short term memory

Maintenance rehearsal

Maintain information in your short term by repeating information

Elaborative rehearsal

connect new information to thing you already know, to move it to long term memory

Visuospatial sketchpad

remember visual or spatial information, like when you're watching a video and keeping track of where things are

Phonological loop

Helps remember auditory or language-based information, like when reading or listening to language

Central executive

Manages information from different parts of your memory , deciding where it should go for processing

Episodic buffer

a part of your memory that connects different pieces of information into one memory

Benefits

Peak in young adulthood and linked to better reading, comprehension, logic and intelligence

Consolidation

Turning things into stable long term memory

Hippocampus (limbic system)

Critical for consolidation

REM

Consolidation happens during their sleep, encodes the information while sleep

Reconsolidation

when you recall a memory and then store it back in long term memory - sometimes with changes

Implicit

• You remember without trying; it's automatic.

  • Brain areas: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

• Explicit memory

• You actively try to remember

  • Brain areas: Hippocampus and Frontal cortex

Context dependent retrieval

You remember things better when you’re in the same environment or mood as when the memory was made (you mad rn ip, easier to remember the other times u were mad)

Associative network

Your brain links new memories to related old ones, creating chains of connected ideas that make recall easier

Schemas

Mental templates or cluster of knowledge about a common situation or objects (may not remember what you had for breakfast, but guessing from what you usually eat)

recall (testing memory)

Tell people to retrieve information without giving any much help

Recognition

Have ti be able to recognize previously learned items

Relearning

The quicker they are able to relearn a task the quicker they can learn

Amnesia

loss of memory (hippo)

Retrograde

Where a person loses memory from before a specific event, such as an injury or trauma while still being able to from new memories

Anterograde

Inability to form new memory

Serial positioning effect

Depending where an item is in a list, you maybe more or less likely to recall that item

Primacy

You remember the first items on a lost because you had time to rehearse them and move to long term memory

Recency efffect

You remember the last items because they’re still fresh in short term

Simons and Levine (1998)

• 50% approach in study didn't notice that they were talking to someone else

• Selective attention, information that we don't pay attention to doesn’t get code into standing memory

Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton

Jennifer attacked and spent time studying face, ronald cotton went to jail for 11 years and it was not him though

Own race bias

better at distinguish members of own race than other race

Source monitoring

Dont remember where we heard information from

Cryptomnesia

accidental plagiarism, information in your head don't remember where you got the information from and assume you created that information

Processing error

Your brain uses the wring strategy or focus, causing mistakes in how you store or recall information

Reintegration

remember one thing helps trigger and bring back another relayed memory

Beneficial about forgetting

Forgetting is good because it keeps mind healthy by clearing unneeded information

Inability to forget

If we can’t forget well, it may be harder to think abstractly

Ineffective encoding

Dont pay attention when learning, doesnt store properly so we can’t recall it later

Decay/transience

Memories fade and lose details over time

Absentmindedness

You dont pay attention so memory never fully formed

Blocking

You know its there, but you cant get it out

Misattribution

You mix up where or how you learned something

Interference

Other memories get in the way

Proactive

old info blocks new info

Retroactive

Block new info from old info

Suggestibility

Your memory changes because of someone else’s input

Bias

You remember things that match your belief, forget what doesn’t

Peristence

Some memories stick too much, often emotional or traumatic ones