General Chemistry Exam 1 Review: Matter, Atomic Theory, and Ions

Flashcards covering matter, energy, periodic table concepts, atomic theory, subatomic particles, isotopes, nuclear symbols, weighted average atomic mass calculations, and ion charges based on lecture materials and practice problems.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Energy

The capacity to do work or produce heat.

Law of Conservation of Mass

A principle stating that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Law of Conservation of Energy

A principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Compound

A pure substance composed of two or more different elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture with a non-uniform composition where individual components remain distinct.

Atom

The basic unit of a chemical element, consisting of a central nucleus surrounded by electrons.

Molecule

A neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical identity.

Chemical Property

A characteristic of a substance that describes its ability to undergo a chemical change or reaction.

Physical Change

A change in the state or appearance of a substance that does not alter its chemical composition.

Chemical Change

A process in which one or more substances are converted into different substances with distinct properties.

Extensive Physical Property

A physical property that depends on the amount of matter present in a sample.

Intensive Physical Property

A physical property that depends only on the type of matter in a sample, not on the amount.

Groups (Families)

Vertical columns on the periodic table containing elements with similar chemical properties.

Periods

Horizontal rows on the periodic table.

7 Diatomic Elements

Elements that naturally exist as diatomic molecules: hydrogen ($H_2$), nitrogen ($N_2$), oxygen ($O_2$), fluorine ($F_2$), chlorine ($Cl_2$), bromine ($Br_2$), and iodine ($I_2$).

Metals

Elements located on the left and center of the periodic table that are typically good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, and ductile.

Non-metals

Elements located on the upper right of the periodic table that are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Metalloids

Elements situated along the stair-step line of the periodic table that possess properties intermediate between metals and non-metals.

Transition Elements

Elements located in groups $3$ through $12$ (the d-block) of the periodic table.

Inner Transition Elements

Elements located in the two detached rows at the bottom of the periodic table, also known as rare earth metals.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which uniquely identifies an element.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Dalton's Atomic Theory

A theory proposing that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms, all atoms of a given element are identical, and chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms.

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle located in the atomic nucleus with a charge of $+1$ and a relative mass of approximately $1\,a.m.u.$

Neutron

A neutral subatomic particle located in the atomic nucleus with a charge of $0$ and a relative mass of approximately $1\,a.m.u.$ (the heaviest subatomic particle).

Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle located outside the nucleus with a charge of $-1$ and the lightest relative mass.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number (number of protons) but different mass numbers (number of neutrons).

Weighted Average Atomic Mass

The average atomic mass of an element listed on the periodic table, calculated from the relative abundances and atomic masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.

Average Atomic Mass of Nitrogen

$14.01\,a.m.u.$, calculated from nitrogen-14 ($14.003074\,a.m.u.$, $99.63\%$ abundance) and nitrogen-15 ($15.000109\,a.m.u.$).

Mass of Carbon-13

$13.03\,a.m.u.$, calculated given carbon-12 has a mass of $12.000000\,a.m.u.$ and a relative abundance of $98.89\%$.

Lithium Isotope Pair

${}_3^7 Li$ and ${}_3^6 Li$

Least Abundant Carbon Isotope

$${}_6^{13} C$$

Sulfide Ion Nuclear Symbol

${}_{16}^{32} S^{2-}$, representing an anion with $16$ protons, $16$ neutrons, and $18$ electrons.

Calcium Ion Nuclear Symbol

${}_{20}^{40} Ca^{2+}$, representing a cation with $20$ protons, $20$ neutrons, and $18$ electrons.

Cesium Ion Nuclear Symbol

${}_{55}^{133} Cs^+$, representing a cation with $55$ protons, $78$ neutrons, and $54$ electrons.

Nitride Ion Nuclear Symbol

${}_7^{14} N^{3-}$, representing an anion with $7$ protons, $7$ neutrons, and $10$ electrons.

Potassium Ion Charge and Nuclear Charge

Ion charge is $1+$ and nuclear charge is $+19$.

Aluminum Ion Charge and Nuclear Charge

Ion charge is $3+$ and nuclear charge is $+13$.

Magnesium Ion Charge and Nuclear Charge

Ion charge is $2+$ and nuclear charge is $+12$.

Oxygen Ion Charge and Nuclear Charge

Ion charge is $2-$ and nuclear charge is $+8$.

Phosphorus Ion Charge and Nuclear Charge

Ion charge is $3-$ and nuclear charge is $+15$.

Selected Concepts Practice Table

A reference table outlining the charge, proton count, neutron count, electron count, nuclear symbol, and ion classification (cation/anion) for species including ${}_{19}^{40} K^+$, ${}_{13}^{27} Al^{3+}$, ${}_{46}^{106} Pd^{2+}$, ${}_{74}^{184} W$, ${}_{74}^{184} W^{6+}$, ${}_{53}^{127} I^-$, ${}_{56}^{137} Ba^{2+}$, ${}_{15}^{31} P^{3-}$, and ${}_{42}^{96} Mo^{6+}$.

Nuclear Symbols Practice List

A list of nuclear symbols showing isotopes and ions including ${}_3^7 Li$, ${}_3^6 Li$, ${}_6^{13} C$, ${}_7^{14} N$, ${}_7^{15} N$, ${}_9^{19} F$, ${}_2^4 He$, ${}_{16}^{32} S^{2-}$, ${}_{20}^{40} Ca^{2+}$, ${}_{55}^{133} Cs^+$, and ${}_7^{14} N^{3-}$.