ADME, Prodrugs, and Excretion - lect 16

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture notes.

Prodrug

Inactive compound converted into an active drug within the body through metabolic processes.

Enalapril

Inactive form of enalapril, converted to enalaprilat in the body to improve oral bioavailability.

Prodrug

Inactive compound converted into an active drug within the body through metabolic processes.

Enalapril

Inactive form of enalapril, converted to enalaprilat in the body to improve oral bioavailability.

Enalaprilat

Active drug converted from enalapril within the body.

Controlled Release

The ability to release a drug slowly over time, maintaining a therapeutic window without frequent dosing.

Azathioprine

Prodrug converted to mercaptopurine under ophthalmic conditions for controlled release.

Mercaptopurine

Immunosuppressant drug released from azathioprine.

Cyclophosphamide

Prodrug of phosphoramide mustard that masks toxicity until activated at the point of action.

Chloramphenicol

An antibiotic with poor solubility and taste, improved via prodrug forms like chloramphenicol sodium succinate.

Methanamine

Prodrug used to treat urinary tract infections by converting to formaldehyde in acidic conditions.

Fluorouracil

Inhibits DNA synthesis by acting as a false substrate to stop cancer cells from replicating.

Elimination

Drugs are converted into metabolites, removed through urine, or mixed with the bile and feces.

Nephrons

Functional unit of the kidney involved in filtering water and waste products from the blood to form urine.

Passive Process

The process by which the body retains water while removing waste products.

Active Process

The process by which the body retains some sugars, amino acids, or other molecules.

Solubility

The extent to which a compound dissolves in a solvent, crucial for drug absorption and excretion.

Polymorphism

Different crystal forms of a compound, affecting properties like melting point and solubility.

Therapeutic Dose

The dose of a drug needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

Tweaking Acidity

Add electron withdrawing groups to increase acidity or electron pushing groups to make it more basic.

Cyclodextrin

A ring of glucose molecules that has a slightly favored pocket, which can take in some kind of hydrophobic.

Vesicles

Synthetic phospholipids used to encapsulate and deliver drugs.

Bulkers or Fillers

Material added to a drug formulation to increase its bulk, improve taste, or aid processing.

Coating Agent

Coating agent to make the improve the taste

Lubricant

Added to a drug formulation to make it run smoothly through manufacturing equipment.

Preservatives

Added to a drug product to prevent microbial contamination and degradation.

Phase one

Metabolic reactions that introduce or expose polar functional groups on a drug molecule.

Phase two

Reactions that conjugate a drug molecule with a polar molecule, increasing its water solubility.