BHA Week 5 Word Bank

Commonly abused substances

- Alcohol

- Benzodiazepines (sedatives, hypnotics)

- Nicotine

- Cannabis (marijuana)

- Cocaine (including crack)

- Amphetamines

- Opiates (morphine, heroin, meperidine)

Clinical manifestations of alcohol

Appearance:

- Unsteady gait, incoordination, flushed face

Behavior:

- Relief of anxiety

- Dulled concentration

- Talkativeness

- Impaired judgment

- Uninhibited behavior

- Slurred speech

- Impaired memory

- Irritability

- Depression

- Emotional lability (mood swings)

Clinical manifestations of benzodiazepines

Appearance:

- Unsteady gait, incoordination

Behavior:

- Slurred speech

- Inattention

- Impaired memory

_ Irritability

- Emotional lability (mood swings)

- Sexual aggressiveness

- Talkativeness

- AMS

- Impaired social or occupational functioning

**Similar to alcohol

Clinical manifestations of nicotine

Appearance:

- Alert

- Increased systolic BP, increased HR, vasoconstriction

Behavior:

- Nausea, vomiting,

- Indigestion (first use), loss of appetite

- Head rush

- Dizziness

- Jittery feeling

- Mild stimulant

Clinical manifestations of cannabis

Appearance:

- Reddened eyes

- Tachycardia

- Dry mouth

- Increased appetite, especially for "junk" food

- Loss of coordination and balance

Behavior:

- Euphoria, a pleasant state of relaxation and tranquility

- Slowed time perception, increased perceptions

- Impaired judgment

- Social withdrawal

Clinical manifestations of cocaine

Appearance:

- Pupillary dilation

- Tachycardia or bradycardia

- Elevated or lowered blood pressure

- Sweating or chills

- Nausea, vomiting, weight loss

Behavior:

- Euphoria

- Hyper-vigilance, pacing, agitation

- Talkativeness

- Impaired social/occupational functioning

- Fighting

- Grandiosity

- Visual/tactile hallucinations

Clinical manifestations of amphetamines

Appearance:

- Pupillary dilation

- Tachycardia or bradycardia

- Elevated or lowered blood pressure

- Sweating or chills

- Nausea and vomiting

- Weight loss

Behavior:

- Elation

- Hypervigilance, agitation,

- Fighting

- Grandiosity

- Impaired judgment

- Impaired social and occupational functioning

**Similar to cocaine

Clinical manifestations of opiates

Appearance:

- Pinpoint pupils

- Decreased blood pressure, pulse, respirations, and temperature

Behavior:

- Lethargy

- Slurred speech

- Initial euphoria followed by apathy and psychomotor impairment

- Inattention

- Impaired memory

- Impaired judgment

- Impaired social or occupational functioning

Dangers of drinking alcohol while pregnant

- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (physical, learning, & behavioral problems in the fetus)

At-risk drinking

- One or more heavy drinking days in the past year

- Men: heavy drinking = 5 or more drinks a day

- Women: heavy drinking = 4 or more drinks a day

At-risk drinking for men

≥15 drinks/week

At-risk drinking for women

≥8 drinks/week

Tolerance

Requires increased amount of substance to produce same effect

Intoxication

Ingestion of a substance produces maladaptive behavioral changes because of effects on the CNS

Substance abuse

- Daily use is needed to function

- Inability to stop, impaired social and occupational functioning

- Recurrent use when it is physically hazardous

- Substance-related legal problems

Dependence

Physiologic dependence on substance

Withdrawal

Cessation of substance produces syndrome of physiologic symptoms

CIWA (Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment)

- The most sensitive scale for objective measurement

- It is quantified to measure the progress of withdrawal

- Using the scale will avoid overmedicating

Neglect

Child: the failure to provide for a child's basic needs

Elder: the failure of the caregiver to prevent harm

Types of neglect

- Physical

- Medical

- Supervision

Family violence

- Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another

- Includes IPV, child abuse, and elder abuse

Abrasion

A wound caused by rubbing the skin or mucous membrane

Laceration

Wound produced by the tearing and/or splitting of body tissue, usually from blunt impact over a bony surface

Bruising

Superficial discoloration caused by hemorrhage into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels beneath the skin surface, without the skin itself being broken; also called a contusion

Dysuria

Painful or difficult urination

Nocturia

Excessive urination at night

Hematuria

Presence of blood in the urine

Hemorrhoids

Swollen, painful rectal veins; often a result of constipation

Occult Blood

Blood that cannot be seen in the stool but is positive on a fecal occult blood test

Fecal Impaction

A complete colon blockage by hard, immovable stool, which presents as constipation or overflow incontinence.

Rectal abscess

A collection of pus that forms in the tissues around the rectum and anus due to an infection

Carcinoma (Colorectal Cancer, CRC)

- A malignant neoplasm in the colon or rectum is asymptomatic

- Has a multistep development, starting as an adenoma (benign) and proceeding

- Screen: careful family hx, annual FIT (fecal immunochemical test), and colonoscopy every 10 years, starting at 45 yrs (earlier for those high risk)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

- Benign growth of cells within the prostate gland

- Present in 80% of men over 60 yr

Oral contraceptives & smoking

Together, increase the risk for vascular problems