BIO L2.1 Antibiotics and Agriculture

cell theory

theory that cells are the basic structural units of all organisms

three components of the cell theory

1. Cells are the fundamental units of life

2. All living organisms are composed of cells

3. All cells come from preexisting cells

cell membrane

membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating the entry, and exit of molecules/ions

cytoplasm

the contents of the cell, excluding the nucelus

cytosol

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, excluding organelles and other solids

eukaryotes

organisms whose cells contain their genetic material inside a nucleus

organelles

any of the membrane-encolsed structures with a eukayotic cell

prokaryotes

unicellular organisms that do not have nuclei or other membrane-encolsed organelles

nucleus

the centrally located compartment of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a double membrane and containes the chromosomes

nuceloid

the region that harbors the chromosomes of a prokaryotic

ribosomes

a small particle in the cell that is the site of protein synthesis

cell wall

rigid structure that encloses cells of plants, fungi, many protisits

outer membrane

protective, outer skin like layer that surrounds a cell or parts inside a cell

internal membrane

membrane that is encolsed within a membrane bound organelles

flagella

a long, whiplike appendage that propels cells

pili

a structure that links prokaryote cells at the beginning of conjugation

cytoskeleton

network of tiny protein fibers inside a cell that acts like a supportive fremwork and a system of highway tracks

neucleoulus

a small, generally spherical body found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

nucelur envelope

double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus

chromatin

nuceluis acid-protein complex thagt makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

chromosomes

a thread-like package made of DNA and proteins found inside the nucleus of a cell

endomembrane system

a network of membranes inside a eukaryotic cell that work together to make, package, and ship proteins and lipids

vesicles

small, membrane-encolsed sacs inside living cells that store and transport materials

• the cell membrane

• nucleus envelope

• the endoplasmic reticulum

• the golgi apparatus

• the lysosomes

the endomembrane system includes:

endoplasmic reticulum

a network of folded membranes inside a cell that helps make, package, and transport proteins and fats

rough endoplasmic reticulum

the portion of the endoplasimic reticukum whose outer surface has attatched ribosomes

smooth endoplasmic retiuclum

the poriton of the endoplasmic retiuclum that lacks ribosomes and has a tubular appearance

golgi appartus

a system of concentrically folded membranes found in the cytoplasm of eurkatoric

primary lysosomes

a lysosome before fusion with an edosome

phagocytosis

process by which a cell uses its cell membrane to encole and engulf a macromoelcule or particle in the extracellular environment

secondary lysosom

membrane-enclosed organelle formed by the fusion of a primary lysosome with a phagsome

exocytosis

process by which a vesicle in a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside

autophagy

programmed destruction of cell’s components

lysosomal storage disease

rare inherited condition where cells cannot break down waste, causing a toxic buildup of fats and sugars inside the body

mitochondria

tiny parts inside a cell that turn food and oxygen into usable energy

chloroplasts

organ