IB Psychology HL - Vocabulary Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from IB Psychology HL lecture notes.

Hilliard and Liben (2010)

A field experiment conducted by Hilliard and Liben (2010) to study the role of social category salience on stereotypes in elementary school children.

Joy, Kimball & Zabrack (1986)

A study by Joy, Kimball & Zabrack (1986) that investigated the impact of television on children's aggressive behavior.

Steele and Aronson (1995)

A study by Steele and Aronson (1995) that examined stereotype threat and its effect on test performance in African Americans.

Berry (1967)

A quasi-experiment by Berry (1967) exploring conformity levels in individualist vs. collectivist cultures.

Lueck and Wilson (2010)

A study by Lueck and Wilson (2010) using semi-structured interviews to investigate acculturative stress in Asian Americans.

Culture influence

The influence of culture on behavior.

Social belonging

The basic need to 'belong' as social animals.

Social context

A key role in human behavior.

Etic approach

The outside view of a culture, aiming for generalized behaviors.

Emic approach

An approach functioning within a culture to identify specific behaviors.

Social Categorization

The process of identifying in-groups and out-groups.

Social Identification

Adopting group norms and characteristics

Social Comparison

Maintaining self-esteem by comparing in-groups to out-groups.

Positive Distinctiveness

Bias towards one's own group.

Social Cognitive Theory

Learning by observing others and their consequences.

Attention

The attention of observers must attend to the modelled behaviour.

Retention

Observers must be able to remember features of the behaviour.

Motivation

Observers must want to reproduce it and expect a certain outcome from the behaviour.

Potential

Observers must physically and/or mentally be able to carry out the behaviour

Stereotype

A belief or assumption about individuals based solely on group membership.

Stereotype Threat

When a person experiences fear about confirming a negative stereotype.

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory

A framework to understand differences in culture across countries.

Individualism

Culture emphasises individual goals, personal achievement and autonomy

Collectivism

Culture emphasises group harmony, collective achievements and interdependence.

Enculturation

The process of adopting or internalizing cultural norms.

Direct tuition

When your parents tell you what you are supposed to do.

Acculturation

The process of adopting norms and behaviors of a new culture.

Acculturative Stress

The psychological impact of adapting to a new culture

MULTI-STORE MEMORY MODEL

Three locations of memory

Duration

how long information can be stored

Capacity

how much information can be stored

Coding

in what form information can be stored

Encoded

visual (picture) + acoustic (sound) + semantic (meaning)

Serial Position Effect

memory phenomena: the primacy and recency effect

the primacy effect

we have had time to acoustically rehearse these words, allowing them to move into the long-term memory store.

the recency effect

they are still in the short-term memory store and have not yet been displaced by other information.

asymptote

Flat area in the middle of curve

Explicit link

Sensory buffer, Attention, STM

WORKING MEMORY MODEL

STM consists of multiple different stores

central executive

attention control

phonological loop

holds auditory information, both written and spoken

phonological store

like an inner ear and holds speech-based information

articulatory control system

like an inner voice and rehearses information from the phonological store

visuospatial sketchpad

stores visual and spatial information

Visual cache

stores information about what things look like (form and colour)

inner scribe

processes spatial and movement information

episodic buffer

sort of backup store which is fed by the slave systems, and is linked to central executive.

baddeley and Hitch

an experimental procedure known as a dual task technique

Landry and Bartling (2011)

investigate if articulatory suppression would influence the recall of a written list of phonologically dissimilar letters in serial recall.

SCHEMA THEORY

culturaly bound cognitive structures based on past experience that organise knowledge stored in our memory.

common seen in individuals recalling a new story

levelling and sharpening

Bartlett (1932)

investigate how cultural schemas can influence memory of a story

Assimilation

unconsciously changed to fit the norms of British culture.

Leveling

omitted information that was seen as not important.

Sharpening

change the order of the story in order to make sense of it

RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY – SCHEMA PROCESSING

memory is ‘an imaginative reconstruction’ of experience.

Loftus and Palmer (1974)

demonstrated that people’s memory can be manipulated by post-event information and the wording of a question

Leading questions

A question that either by form or content suggests to a witness which answer is desired.

EXPERIMENT ONE

In this study estimated speed was affected by the verb used.

DUAL PROCESS MODEL

humans have two systems for thinking. System 1 is unconscious and System 2 is intentional

BIAS IN THINKING AND DECISION MAKING

Wanting to use as little energy as we can to think

ANCHORING BIAS

Anchoring occurs when individuals use an initial piece of information to make subsequent judgments.

Englich and Mussweiler (2001)

determine the effect of a prosecutor's suggestion for sentencing on the decision-making of a judge

FRAMING EFFECTS

is a cognitive bias where people decide between options based on whether the options are presented with positive or negative connotations.

Tversky and Kahneman (1986)

Classic study from this scientist: when options are framed in a positive way, we go for the surest positive outcome.

FLASHBULB MEMORY

They postulated the special-mechanism hypothesis, which argues for the existence of a special biological memory mechanism

Brown & Kulik (1977)

defined flashbulb memory as a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid snapshot of an emotionally arousing event.

Sharot et al (2007)

determine the potential role of biological factors on flashbulb memories.

COGNITION IN A DIGITAL WORLD

Although computers and the Internet have been around for some time, it is only now that we are beginning to see what we believe may be the effects of living so much of our lives in the digital world.

Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)

Taking notes on laptops rather than taking notes by hand is increasingly common.

Sparrow (2011)

investigate if the Internet has become an enormous transactive memory store.

Blacker et al (2014)

study whether playing video games could help develop visual working memory.

Hirst et al (2008)

investigate whether there was a correlation between the amount of media coverage and memory accuracy of an event.

Findings

There was a higher level of accuracy in the 9/11 memories; however, there was also more media coverage

Talorico et al (2017)

investigate whether the source of news (traditional media, social media or person) shaped how people remembered learning of an event

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Creates images of structures of the brain

Neural plasticity:

Neural pruning, Dendritic branching, Long-term potentiation

Maguire (2000)

To see whether the brains of London taxi drivers would be somehow different

Antagonist

Drugs that block the receptor site and do not allow the neurotransmitter to do its job

Agonist

Bind to and activate a receptor site

Rogers and Kesner (2003)

determine the role of acetylcholine in spatial memory formation and retrieval

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

is a group of genes that play an important role in the immune system

Wedekind (1995)

To determine whether one's MHC would affect mate choice

WEISSMAN ET AL (2005)

There was a higher level of accuracy in the 9/11 memories; however, there was also more media coverage

Ronay and von Hippel (2010)

Skateboarders were asked to do one “easy trick” and one difficult trick

Correlational research

Two or more variables are measured and the relationship between them is mathematically quantified.

Structured interviews

A fixed list of questions that need to be asked in a fixed order

case study

An in-depth investigation of an individual or small group.