Untitled Flashcards Set

Objectively given

A generally agreed upon set of norms on conduct and behavior.

Subjectively problematic

Deviance is co-constructed by society and is not inherently deviant.

Critical conception

Concept wherein those in power create deviant conceptions to enhance power or control.

R. v. Butler

A legal case where the Supreme Court of Canada ruled on the limits of freedom of expression concerning pornography.

Freedom of expression

The right to express one's thoughts and ideas freely.

Cyberdeviance

New forms of deviance that occur in the digital world, such as scams and cyberbullying.

Folkways

Customs and social norms that are not written but followed.

Taboos

Negative norms that are considered offensive and socially inappropriate.

Mores

Moral norms that dictate acceptable behaviors.

Normative perspective

The view that crime is inherently wrong and laws exist to uphold societal values.

Relativist perspective

The notion that crime is socially constructed.

Positivist perspective

The theory that crime is caused by external and internal factors rather than free will.

Critical perspective

Perspective suggesting that crime is shaped by social inequalities, power, and capitalism.

Anomie

A state of normlessness where society fails to regulate expectations and behaviors.

Social Return On Investment

The belief that investing in social programs can save costs in the long term.

Differential Opportunity

The idea that different social environments provide varying opportunities for deviance.

Status Frustration

Frustration stemming from the inability to achieve social status as experienced by others.

General Strain Theory

The theory that strain increases the likelihood of anger or frustration, leading to deviance.

Collective Efficacy

The ability of neighborhoods to work together to achieve common goals, such as reducing crime.

Broken Windows Theory

The theory that minor crimes can promote more serious crimes by signaling disorder.

Environmental Criminology

The study of how environmental factors contribute to criminal behavior.

Diversity of Deviance

Understanding that deviance varies across different contexts and cultures.

Positive Deviance

Going against the norm for a good reason.

Milgram Experiment

A psychological study demonstrating people's willingness to follow orders, even to cause harm.

Techniques of Neutralization

Methods used by individuals to justify deviant behavior.

Ethnographic studies

Research method involving participant observation in the natural environment of subjects.

Reliability

The consistency of results in a research study.

Validity

The degree to which a study accurately measures what it claims to measure.

Operationalizing Variables

Turning abstract concepts into observable and measurable variables.

Quasi-Experiment

Research method studying relationships between variables without random assignment.

Meritocracy

A system where individuals are rewarded based on achievement.

Dark Figure of Crime

The discrepancy between reported and unreported crime.

Crime Funnel Effect

The reduction in the number of individuals as they move through the criminal justice system.

Differential Association Theory

The theory that deviant behavior is learned through interactions with others.

Social Learning Theory

Theory that learning occurs through observation and reinforcement of behavior.

Elite Deviance

Acts committed by elites or organizations that cause harm, often overlooked.

Workplace Deviance

Less serious forms of deviance that occur in the workplace, such as being late.

Criminal Records

Official documentation of an individual's interactions with the criminal justice system.

Sociological Imagination

The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger social forces.

Cultural Norms

Societal expectations that dictate acceptable behaviors.

Subcultural Deviance

Norms and values in subcultures that may be perceived as deviant by outsiders.