Study Guide for Lab Dx II Exam 1: Urology and Nephrology

Brooklyn's Quizlet

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Proliferation of prostatic tissue causing urinary obstruction.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)

Symptoms due to obstruction at bladder neck.

Urinalysis purpose

Identify infections and kidney issues in BPH patients.

Pyuria

High pus or WBCs in urine indicating infection.

Glucosuria

Elevated glucose levels in urine.

Proteinuria

Large protein amounts in urine signaling kidney problems.

Ketonuria

Presence of ketones in urine from fat breakdown.

Hematuria

Blood in urine; requires evaluation for disorders.

Prostate cancer screening

PSA test repeated every 1 to 2 years.

PSA test

Measures prostate-specific antigen; not cancer-specific.

PSA increase significance

Increase >0.75 ng/mL in one year is concerning.

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors

Medications that may reduce PSA levels.

PSA density

Compares PSA level with prostate size; <0.15 favorable.

Free PSA

Lower percentage indicates higher cancer suspicion.

Testicular cancer

Most common malignancy in males aged 15-35.

Germ cell tumors

Most testicular cancers; highly curable.

Beta-hCG

Commonly elevated tumor marker in testicular cancer.

AFP

Absent in normal adults; detectable in nonseminomas.

LDH

Less sensitive marker; may elevate in seminomas.

STIs diagnostic testing

Tests for common STIs regardless of symptoms.

HSV testing

Direct swab and NAATs preferred for diagnosis.

Empiric therapy

Initiated for patients with genital ulcers.

Urethritis

Commonly caused by N. gonorrhoeae in urban areas.

Epididymitis

Often due to C. trachomatis in patients under 35.

Gonorrhea

Infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Orchitis

Inflammation of the testicle, often viral.

Mumps Orchitis

Viral orchitis caused by mumps virus.

Coxsackieviruses

Viruses that can cause viral orchitis.

Mumps IgM Assay

Serology test for mumps infection.

RT-PCR

Detects viral RNA from oral swabs.

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland.

Acute Prostatitis

Sudden inflammation of the prostate.

Leukocytosis

Increased white blood cells in urine.

Pyuria

Presence of pus in urine.

Urine Gram Stain

Identifies microbial etiology in prostatitis.

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

Blood test to support prostatitis diagnosis.

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

Long-term bacterial infection of the prostate.

E. coli

Common cause of chronic bacterial prostatitis.

Prostatic Fluid

Fluid collected to diagnose prostatitis.

Two Glass Method

Compares urine samples before and after massage.

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests

Tests for sexually transmitted infections.

Syphilis

STI caused by Treponema pallidum.

Primary Syphilis

Characterized by painless genital ulcer.

Secondary Syphilis

Involves rash on trunk and extremities.

Treponemal Tests

Confirmatory tests for syphilis diagnosis.

Chlamydia

Most common STI in the U.S.

NAAT

Nucleic acid amplification test for STIs.

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

Caused by GnRH deficiency, low testosterone.

Spermatogenesis

Process of sperm production, takes 3 months.

LH

Luteinizing hormone, regulates testosterone production.

FSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone, influences reproductive processes.

Semen analysis

Evaluates male fertility through sperm assessment.

Pre-renal azotemia

Caused by dehydration or reduced blood flow.

Intrarenal azotemia

Results from direct kidney damage.

Post-renal azotemia

Occurs due to urinary tract obstruction.

Basic metabolic panel

Tests chemical balance and kidney health.

Complete metabolic panel

Assesses multiple body functions with 14 measurements.

Creatinine

Waste product of creatine; normal range 0.84-1.21 mg/dL.

GFR

Glomerular filtration rate; measures kidney filtration rate.

eGFR

Estimated GFR, calculates kidney filtering efficiency.

Creatinine clearance (CrCl)

Compares urine and plasma creatinine levels.

BUN:CR ratio

Differentiates types of azotemia based on ratios.

Azotemia

Excess nitrogen waste in the bloodstream.

Acute tubular necrosis

Kidney damage leading to decreased BUN levels.

Obstructive uropathy

Condition causing disproportionate BUN elevation.

Edema

Swelling due to fluid retention, indicates kidney issues.

Low urine output

Symptom of potential kidney impairment.

Routine screening

Recommended for at-risk individuals for kidney disease.

Monitoring

Regular checks for patients on renally excreted medications.

GFR

Glomerular filtration rate; measures kidney function.

BUN

Blood urea nitrogen; normal range 7-23 mg/dL.

eGFR normal value

>90 mL/min/1.73 m².

BUN:Cr ratio

Normal range is 10:1 to 20:1.

CKD

Chronic kidney disease; eGFR <60 for 90 days.

AKI

Acute kidney injury; rapid increase in creatinine.

Kidney profile

Includes serum creatinine, eGFR, urine ACR.

Transgender patients

Use gender ID for creatinine reference intervals.

Medication dosing

eGFR guides dosing for narrow therapeutic index meds.

Uric acid

65-75% excreted renally; assessed via serum levels.

Hyperuricemia

High uric acid levels; risk for gout.

Hypouricemia

Low uric acid levels; potential health risks.

Gout

Chronic disease; manifests with symptomatic flares.

Normal uric acid levels

Serum: 3.5-7.2 mg/dL; urinary: 250-750 mg/24 hr.

Monitoring uric acid

Recheck levels after 1 week if asymptomatic.

Chronic kidney disease

Kidney abnormalities lasting over 3 months.

Creatinine clearance (CrCl)

Volume of blood plasma cleared of creatinine.

Urine protein

Normal protein excretion <150 mg/day; >3.5 g/day is nephrotic.

Glomerular Proteinuria

Increased permeability of glomerular capillaries.

Follow-up

Urine albumin and ratios evaluate kidney impairment.

POC urine dipstick

Reagent strip test for urine analysis.

Automated reader

Preferred method for reducing human error.

Significant proteinuria

High levels of protein in urine.

Urinalysis

Assessment of urine's physical and chemical properties.

Macroscopic analysis

Visual examination of urine's color and clarity.

Microscopic analysis

Examination of urine components after centrifuge.

ACR measurement

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio in urine sample.

Early morning sample

Preferred urine sample for accurate results.

Exercise restriction

No vigorous exercise 24 hours before testing.

Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR)

Adjusts protein levels for hydration variability.

Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)

Calculates albumin concentration relative to creatinine.