Final ACS Inorganic Chemistry Exam

What is ionization energy?

How much energy is required to remove one electron

What is electronegativity?

How much an atom will pull an electron from another atom

What is electron affinity?

How hard it is to move an atom from its subshells

What is atomic radius?

How much pull protons have inwards on the electron shell

What is an allotrope?

Different structural modifications of the same element (graphite vs diamond) (O2 vs O3)

What are hydrogenic atoms?

Contain only one electron, no e-/e- repulsion

What are the quantum number?

N-row on periodic table 1,2,3...

l-shape of orbital n-1

Ml-magnetic quantum number -l to l

Ms-magnetic spin number -.5 or .5

What is penetration?

an electron of higher energy is found within an orbital of lower energy

What is shielding?

when electrons in inner shells weaken the attraction between electrons in the outer shell

What is the ground state configuration?

State of lowest energy

What is the Pauli exclusion principle?

2e- only with separate spins

What is paramagnetic?

Unpaired e-, attracted to magnetic field

What is diamagnetic?

all paired electrons, not attracted to magnetic field

What is Zeff?

effective nuclear charge, charge an e- is feeling from the nucleus depending on the distance and shielding

When Z is less than 21, where are 4s and 3d?

4s is lower than 3d

When Z is more than 21, where are 4s and 3d?

4s is higher than 3d

Which orbital does the best shielding and why?

S>p>d>f. This is because the presence of orbital nodes reduce the effectiveness of shielding.

What are the roles on D orbital stability?

1/2 filled or filled D shell is more stable even if you take away from 4s.

Cr: 3d54s1 Cu: 3d104s1

What happens when D ions form an ion?

Cations form and reduce e-/e- repulsion

What is polarizability?

The degree to which something can change it's e- cloud to form a polar charge distribution

What is lanthanide contraction?

Lanthanides have very poor shielding due to the many nodes in the F orbital. This means that the Zeff of electrons is actually higher, causing them to shrink

What is the calculation for formal charge?

Valence-LP-1/2 e- in pairs

What are the formal charge rules?

1.) Lowest energy structure has the lowest overall formal charge

2.) Most electronegative element has the charge

What is constructive interference?

When the wavefunctions of electron density are in the same phase

What is deconstructive interference?

When the wavefunctions of electron density are not in the same phase

What does gerade mean?

Straight with respect to the center of inversion

What does ungerade mean?

Not straight w/ respect to the center of inversion

What is antiboding?

Wavefunctions out of phase w/ each other

What is bonding?

Wave functions are in phase w/ each other

When can you use gerade and ungerade terminology?

For homonuclear molecules because the orbitals are the same size

What does homonuclear mean?

Molecule composed of identical atoms

What is the equation for bond order?

BO=1/2(bonding electrons - antibonding electrons)

What is a consideration for bond order?

0 as a BO is unfavorable, greater than 0 is energetically favorable. Resulting in bonding not happening.

What orbitals form sigma bonds?

S and Pz

What orbitals form pi bonds?

Px and Py

What is the Li2 --> N2 trend?

2sigmag is over 1piu

What is the O2 --> F2 trend?

1piu is over 2sigmag

How is bond strength emasured?

By enthalpy of dissociation

Products-reactants

What are trends of Bond enthalpy in the P block?

When there are no LP, enthalpy decreases as you move down

When there are LP, bond enthalpy decreases, except for N which starts off really low

How is a band diagram formed?

draw