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What major U.S. environmental law requires federal agencies to consider the environmental impact of their actions through EIS
the unintended negative impacts of economic activities Costs of environmental damage not reflected in market prices.
reduces fertility, Poorer societies tend to show larger population rates than wealthy ones
is directly CORRELATED
Wealth can produce more severe environmental impacts than poverty.
The addition of 1 person from a wealthy country like the United States has the same impact as 3.4 Chinese, 8 Indians, or 14 Afghans.
What is the collective action failure related to environmental issues? “free riders”
what is the polluter pay principle
holds polluters accountable for the costs of the environmental damage they cause, ensuring they bear the financial burden of their actions.
what are Factors obstructing environmental policy
perceived as a trade-off with economic growth. policy develop gradually over time, whereas typically prioritize short-term gains. government and the private sector leads to officials who prioritize industry interests.
US environmental policy and law
Innovative environmental policy has been pioneered, U.S. policies have served as models for other countries. U.S. exerts influence on other nations. There are similarities between U.S. federal policy and state, local, and international policies
How legislation runs through the three branches of government
-Executive – the president and the agencies who make the policies. Judicial- passes laws. and Legislative – they solve the problems based in environmental
what is the first wave of US environmental policy
The wave of U.S. policy promoted DEVELOPMENT . The period (18th–19th century) promoted settlement of the western regions and encouraged the extraction of natural resources.
what is the second wave of US environmental policy
The wave of U.S. policy encouraged CONSERVATION. In the late 1800s, continent became populated and resources were exploited, policy began to shift toward CONSERVATION AND RESERVE
what is the third wave of US environmental policy
The wave responded to POLLUTION. industrialization improved economic conditions but increased air and water pollution.
Major environmental protection laws 1963-1980
clean air act, Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act, resouce conservation and recory act, safe drinking water act, soil and water conservation act, CERCLA (“superfund”), tocix substances control act.
what is the clean air act?
Sets standards for air quality, restricts emissions from new sources, enables citizens to sue violators. funds research on pollution control, and established an emissions trading program for sulfur droxide.
what is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Sets standards and permitting procedures for the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. Requires that the generation, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste be tracked "from cradle to grave."
what is the Endangered Species Act
Seeks to protect species threatened with extinction. Forbids destruction of individuals of listed species or their critical habitat on public and private land, provides funding for recovery efforts, and allows negotiation with private landholders.
what is the Clean Water Act
Regulates the discharge of wastes, especially from industry, into rivers and streams. has helped to clean up U.S. waterways.
what is the Safe Drinking Water Act
set quality standards for tap water provided by public water systems and to work with states to protect drinking water sources from contamination.
Soil and Water Conservation Act
U.S. Department of Agriculture to survey and assess soil and water conditions across the nation and prepare conservation plans.
Toxic Substances Control Act
EPA to monitor thousands of industrial chemicals and gives it power to ban those found to pose too much health risk. However, the number of chemicals continues to increase far too quickly for adequate lesting,
CERCLA ("Superfund")
Funds to clean up hazardous waste at the nation's most polluted sites. Full name is the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act.
The process of EIS
eval the proposed action and considers alternative courses of action. must be made publicly available and public comments are considered
EPA
federal agency makes and forcing environmental laws. evaluates research, monitors environmental quality, and sets and enforces pollution standards. EPA regulations are frequently challenged by politicians and industries
The social context for environmental policy
efforts have been made to weaken environmental laws, citing excessive economic burdens on businesses
Why have we not had much environmental legislation recently?
the issues have become identified as part of the Democratic party platform only.
what is The Inflation Reduction Act
combating inflation, reducing the deficit, and addressing climate change. It includes provisions for lowering prescription drug prices, increasing taxes on large corporations, and allocating funding for clean energy initiatives and climate resilience projects. promotes sustainable energy practices by investing in renewable energy sources,
International environmental policy expansion
vital to solving transboundary problems, such as carbon pollution and global warming. International law is much weaker in authority than national law, making policy at this level a huge challenge.
Globalization
the increased interconnectedness of the world’s societies
Organizations that influence international policy
United nations (UN), World Bank, European Union (EU), World trade Org. (WTO), and Nongovernmental Org, (NGOs)
what is United nations (UN)?
sponsors conferences, coordinates treaties, and publishes research to promote human rights and resolve global issues, including environmental ones.
what is world bank?
FUNDS dams, irrigation infrastructure, and other development projects intended to benefit low-income people in developing countries.
what is European Union (EU)?
can sign binding treaties on behalf of its 27 member nations and ENACT REGULATIONS that have the same authority as national laws
what is World Trade Org. (WTO)?
represents multinational corporations, and can impose financial
penalties on nations that do not comply with its directives
what is Nongovernmental Org. (NGO)?
apply funding and expertise to environmental problems
Three approaches to environmental policy
Lawsuits, Command and control, Economic policy tools
environmental policy: Lawsuits
Individuals suffering external costs from pollution can sue the polluters in court
environmental policy: command and control
an approach where the regulating agency (such as the EPA) prohibits
certain actions or sets limits, with punishment for violations
environmental policy: Economic policy tools
to use financial incentives to encourage private companies to change, or to alter market dynamics.
what are green taxes?
A tax on an environmentally harmful activity or product
what are subsidies?
a government giveaway of money or resources that is intended to support or promote an industry or activity.
emission trading?
a system where the government creates a market of permits for the
emission of pollutants
cap and trade?
companies buy and sell a limited number of permits amongst themselves,
creating a financial incentive to reduce the number of permits needed by individual companies
market incentives
rewards that encourage economic activity or marketing actions
exponential growth?
the size of the base population causes a significant increase at a tiny percentage growth rate.
Infant mortality rate
Improved sanitation, modern medicine, and higher agricultural output have all helped to reduce the frequency of children dying in infancy.
How has IMR affected population growth
Food production has increased. Birth rates have decreased. population growth continues to drain resources, strain social structures, and harm the environment.
demography
Principles of population Ecology can be applied to the study of statistical changes in the human poulation.
demography is the study of what
human population
How populations change :Birth and immigration
increase a population's size.
what is the rate of natural increase
the difference between the birth rate and the death rate
Life expectancy
A decrease in infant mortality raises the average number of years that a person in a given age group is predicted to live
what happens during the pre-industrial phase of demographic transition?
HIGH DEATH RATES, inadequate medical treatment, and unstable food sources. People have several children to make up for the high infant death rate. There is no birth control available. POPULATION GROWTH STEADY
what happens during the industrial phase of demographic transition?
Women have greater work options and access to birth control, LOW BIRTH RATES. POPULATION STABILIZES AND SLOWS DOWN
How does greater female education impact fertility rates?
It leads to reduced fertility rates as women gain ability to make reproductive decisions.
developing countries
overpopulated that they may not be able to complete a transition, creating demographic fatigue
developed countries
higher standards of living, stronger economies, and more economic and political stability than developing countries.
What correlation exists between state of the economy and population growth?
increases poverty and makes economic conditions worse.
What is an ecological deficit?
A situation where humanity’s ecological footprint exceeds the planet's capacity.
How does the age structure diagram illustrate a population's future?
It shows potential for rapid expansion or decline based on the age distribution.
What is biocapacity?
The amount of biologically productive land available to us
What is demographic transition?
The cultural and economic transformation phases that developing nations undergo.
what happens during the TRANSITIONAL phase of demographic transition?
Death decrease while birth remain high, leading to overall population growth.
What does human ecological footprint look like right now
One analysis concluded that humanity is now living 50% beyond our means, which in ecology would be termed an overshoot
ecological reserve
when humanity’s ecological footprint is less
what happens during the POST INDUSTRIAL phase of demographic transition?
growth LEVELS OUT or DECLINES, despite having higher birth rates because of a greater immigration rate.
How populations change : death and emigration
People removed from the population
